{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:24:02Z","timestamp":1787765042498,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: Developmental dyslexia is diagnosed through behavioral neuropsychological and language assessment, which depends on the child\u2019s attention, motivation, and cooperation during testing. Auditory-evoked potentials provide objective, non-behavioral indices of neural encoding along the auditory pathway, but they are usually examined in group-level designs and in separate cohorts, so that intra-familial variability, and the level of the pathway at which atypical encoding emerges, remain poorly described. Characterizing siblings who share genetic background, family environment and schooling, using a single protocol that spans the brainstem, subcortical and cortical levels, is therefore clinically informative. Case Presentation: Two non-twin brothers (aged 13 and 11) with a clinical diagnosis of familial dyslexia and normal peripheral hearing underwent independent neuropsychological, speech\u2013language and electrophysiological evaluations, comprising the click auditory brainstem response (ABR), the frequency-following response (FFR) to \/da\/ (80 dB SPL) in quiet and in ipsilateral and contralateral noise (masker 70 dB SPL; SNR \u2248 +10 dB), and the P300 cognitive potential (auditory oddball). Click-ABR latencies and interpeak intervals were normal in both siblings, with an isolated, age-inappropriate V\/I amplitude-ratio reduction in one. The FFR showed a condition-dependent, sibling-specific pattern of degradation, ipsilateral in one brother and contralateral in the other, with selective F0 collapse. The P300 was altered in both, with prolonged or absent components and low target-detection accuracy. All comparisons are descriptive. Conclusions: Preserved brainstem transmission contrasted with vulnerable subcortical speech encoding and altered cortical processing, revealing a central and biologically heterogeneous profile even within a family, and supporting the combined use of ABR, FFR and P300 as a complementary objective characterization of auditory processing in dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16172734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:54:42Z","timestamp":1787763282000},"page":"2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrophysiological\u00a0Correlates of Familial Dyslexia in Two Siblings: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milaine Dominici","family":"Sanfins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Hearing-Language, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Louren\u00e7o dos Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Hearing-Language, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Donadon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Campinas 13023-210, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr Henryk","family":"Skarzynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Sensory Organs, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3953-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Berlim de","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04724-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparecido J. Couto","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Hearing-Language, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldmann, C., and Levlin, M. (2024). Reading profiles in secondary school: Concurrent language and cognitive abilities, and retrospective and prospective reading skills. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1287134"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105314","article-title":"Long-term effects of the home literacy environment on reading development: Familial risk for dyslexia as a moderator","volume":"215","author":"Torppa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. 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