{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:32:24Z","timestamp":1762522344159,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early diagnosis of malaria reduces disease, prevents deaths, and contributes to decreased malaria transmission. The use of specific and sensitive antigens in the execution of serological diagnostics may have an impact on the transmission of the disease. However, many individuals cannot be easily diagnosed by serological tests due to low levels of antibodies in the serum. Using two different Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) tests (a commercial and an in-house ELISA), a total of 365 serum samples from individuals with a clinical history of malaria were analyzed. From the serum samples analyzed, 192 (53%) samples from the commercial ELISA and 219 (60%) samples from the in-house ELISA presented positive serological reactivity to malaria. The concordance of the samples tested (n = 365) between both ELISAs was of 67% (n = 242), and with the negative control was 100% (n = 17). We demonstrated that the in-house ELISA showed high antigenic reactivity to Plasmodium falciparum antigens when compared with the commercial ELISA. The degree of concordance of both ELISAs suggested the possibility of existence of other P. falciparum antigens present in the crude extract of P. falciparum that are important in the serological response during malaria infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T05:18:26Z","timestamp":1572499106000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Analysis of the Serological Reactivity of Individuals with Clinical History of Malaria using Two Different ELISA Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6147-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yorleydy","family":"Ruiz Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Silvia Tavares","family":"Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58439-900 Campina Grande, Brazil"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Sousa Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). World Malaria Report 2015, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2015\/report\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00780-07","article-title":"Evidence for multiple B- and T-cell epitopes in Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3","volume":"77","author":"Perlaza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-410","article-title":"Comparative analysis of IgG responses to Plasmodium falciparum MSP1p19 and PF13-DBL1\u03b11 using ELISA and a magnetic bead-based duplex assay (MAGPIX\u00ae-Luminex) in a Senegalese meso-endemic community","volume":"13","author":"Perraut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowkes, F.J., Richards, J.S., Simpson, J.A., and Beeson, J.G. (2010). The Relationship between Anti-merozoite Antibodies and Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000218"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.222","article-title":"Correlation of high levels of antibodies to multiple pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum antigens and protection from infection","volume":"73","author":"John","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Tropical. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44423","article-title":"Advances and challenges in malaria vaccine development","volume":"120","author":"Crompton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4438","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501705112","article-title":"Novel serologic biomarkers provide accurate estimates of recent Plasmodium falciparum exposure for individuals and communities","volume":"112","author":"Helb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.085","article-title":"Immunogenicity and in vitro protective efficacy of a polyepitope Plasmodium falciparum candidate vaccine constructed by epitope shuffling","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Weekly Epidemiological Record, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/wer\/2015\/wer9045\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). World Malaria Report 2016, World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2016\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). World Malaria Report 2017, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2017\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.63","article-title":"An epidemiologic model of severe morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"29","author":"Ross","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/415673a","article-title":"The pathogenic basis of malaria","volume":"415","author":"Louis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunoproteomic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum antigens using sera from patients with clinical history of imported malaria","volume":"12","author":"Nogueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.781840","article-title":"Human Malaria Parasites in Continuous Culture","volume":"193","author":"Trager","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"247273","article-title":"Prevalence and level of antibodies anti-Plasmodium spp. in travellers with clinical history of imported Malaria","volume":"2013","author":"Atouguia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1586-x","article-title":"Post exposure serological response to malaria parasites in potential blood donors","volume":"15","author":"Calisto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigan-Womas, I., Guillotte, M., Juillerat, A., Vallieres, C., Lewit-Bentley, A., Tall, A., Baril, L., Bentley, G.A., and Mercereau-Puijalon, O. (2011). Allelic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 entails variant-specific red cell surface epitopes. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016544"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.04.012","article-title":"IgG subclass antibodies to three variants of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 PfMSP-1(19) in an area with unstable malaria transmission in Iran","volume":"1","author":"Meherizi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0547-0","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the profiles of IgG subclass-specific responses to Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 and merozoite surface protein-1 in naturally exposed individuals living in malaria hypoendemic settings","volume":"14","author":"Rouhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.559","article-title":"Temperature differentially affects encounter and docking thermodynamics of antibody\u2013antigen association","volume":"15","author":"Lipschultz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-170319","article-title":"On the antigen-antibody interaction: a thermodynamic consideration","volume":"26","author":"Voets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Antibodies"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"227","article-title":"Factors affecting the antigen-antibody reaction","volume":"5","author":"Reverberi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2369-3","article-title":"Optimization of incubation conditions of Plasmodium falciparum antibody multiplex assays to measure IgG, IgG1-4, IgM and IgE using standard and customized reference pools for sero-epidemiological and vaccine studies","volume":"17","author":"Ubillos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-314","article-title":"Identification, characterization and antigenicity of the Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein 1 (PvRON1)","volume":"10","author":"Montenegro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0075-7535(08)70138-4","article-title":"Practice and theory of enzyme immunoassays: kinetics and nature of antibody-antigen interactions","volume":"15","author":"Tijssen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lab. Tech. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32159","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32159","article-title":"Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax blood-stage and sporozoite antigens in the postpartum period","volume":"6","author":"McLean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drew, D.R., Wilson, D.W., Elliott, S.R., Cross, N., Terheggen, U., Hodder, A.N., Siba, P.M., Chelimo, K., Dent, A.E., and Kazura, J.W. (2016). A novel approach to identifying patterns of human invasion-inhibitory antibodies guides the design of malaria vaccines incorporating polymorphic antigens. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0691-6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, D.W., Fowkes, F.J., Gilson, P.R., Elliott, S.R., Tavul, L., Michon, P., Dabod, E., Siba, P.M., Mueller, I., and Crabb, B.S. (2011). Quantifying the importance of MSP1-19 as a target of growth-inhibitory and protective antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum in humans. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027705"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.03.011","article-title":"Naturally acquired immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites and liver infection","volume":"42","author":"Offeddu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0194-x","article-title":"Multi-epitope chimeric antigen used as a serological marker to estimate Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in the border area of China-Myanmar","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/9\/4\/168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:24Z","timestamp":1760189424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/9\/4\/168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics9040168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics9040168","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]}}}