{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:38:31Z","timestamp":1760060311944,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dietetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent metabolic disease with a strong association with cardiovascular complications. This study evaluated glycemic control and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) in patients with T2D, based on glycated hemoglobin and fasting glucose levels, through a cross-sectional analysis of 4814 individuals (mean age: 66.2 \u00b1 16.07 years with normal distribution; 51.5% male) from the Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti in Northwest Spain. The aim was to assess the metabolic differences and potential influences of age, sex, and geographic setting. We observed that patients with T2D had lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but higher triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to patients without T2D. A positive correlation was found between age and fasting glucose levels (r = 0.182; p &lt; 0.05), with the highest glucose concentrations occurring in postmenopausal women. No significant differences were observed between rural and urban participants. These findings support the integration of targeted nutritional strategies and education programs in the clinical management of T2D, particularly in older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dietetics4030036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T15:19:02Z","timestamp":1755789542000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Lipid Profiles and Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients in the Northwest of Spain: A Population Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Blanco-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Nogueira-Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Mendez-Vilabrille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6329-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Mar\u00eda Cabo","family":"del Riego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Lucus Augusti University Hospital, 27003 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aroa","family":"Lopez-Santamarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Diabetes, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/diabetes#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). The Top 10 Causes of Death, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endinu.2019.12.004","article-title":"Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en 2016 en Espa\u00f1a seg\u00fan la base de datos cl\u00ednicos de atenci\u00f3n primaria (BDCAP)","volume":"68","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1103-4","article-title":"Fat versus carbohydrate-based energy-restricted diets for weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Hamdy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"289","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis del concepto \u201cDiabesidad\u201d","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Index Enferm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0728-6","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007\u20132017","volume":"17","author":"Einarson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i4.114","article-title":"Genetics of type 2 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0241-6","article-title":"Fine-mapping type 2 diabetes loci to single-variant resolution using high-density imputation and islet-specific epigenome maps","volume":"50","author":"Mahajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60613-9","article-title":"Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: Dietary components and nutritional strategies","volume":"383","author":"Ley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines5020011","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin resistance in patients with obesity","volume":"5","author":"Arneth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319878373","article-title":"The link between diabetes and atherosclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Prattichizzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800256","article-title":"Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"379","author":"Rawshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"E24","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome prevalence by race\/ethnicity and sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20132012","volume":"14","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034978","article-title":"Associations of variability in blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol concentrations, and body mass index with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in the general population","volume":"138","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795514231220780","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514231220780","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A mechanistic insight","volume":"16","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70219-0","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: A cohort study in 1.9 million people","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: An update of mechanisms contributing to this clinical entity","volume":"122","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405","article-title":"Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study","volume":"321","author":"Stratton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2024, October 26). Spanish Diabetes Society SED. Available online: https:\/\/www.sediabetes.org\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2024, October 26). Spanish Heart Foundation FEC. Available online: https:\/\/fundaciondelcorazon.com\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872024000200178","article-title":"Prevalencia de prediabesidad y diabesidad en Chile: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016\u20132017","volume":"152","author":"Martorell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.11.2673","article-title":"Resistance to insulin therapy among patients and providers: Results of the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs (DAWN) study","volume":"28","author":"Peyrot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2015.11.003","article-title":"Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of the effect on glycemic control","volume":"99","author":"Chrvala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815609370","article-title":"Exercise and the development of the artificial pancreas: One of the more difficult series of hurdles","volume":"9","author":"Riddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2009.07.025","article-title":"Patient empowerment: Myths and misconceptions","volume":"79","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2024, October 28). American Diabetes Association ADA. Available online: https:\/\/diabetes.org\/es\/vivir-con-diabetes\/tratamiento-cuidado\/hiperglucemia."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26498","article-title":"Diabetes control and complications Trial\/Epidemiology of diabetes. Association of diet with glycated hemoglobin during intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial","volume":"89","author":"Delahanty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.05.012","article-title":"Diabetes insipidus: An update","volume":"49","author":"Refardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"350","article-title":"Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: A consensus report","volume":"46","author":"Refardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.10.074","article-title":"Phytanic acid consumption and human health, risks, benefits and future trends: A review","volume":"221","author":"Miranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"27","article-title":"Control metab\u00f3lico y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 seg\u00fan la duraci\u00f3n de la diabetes","volume":"1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medic. Fam."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.33620\/FC.2173-9218.(2024).18","article-title":"Dispositivos de monitorizaci\u00f3n continua de glucosa en mayores de 65 a\u00f1os: Revisi\u00f3n bibliogr\u00e1fica (Continuous glucose monitoring devices in people over 65 years: Literature review)","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":"Farm. Comunitarios"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12852","article-title":"Oral insulin delivery: Existing barriers and current counter-strategies","volume":"70","author":"Gedawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"316","article-title":"Evaluation of the usefulness of and satisfaction with the flash glucose monitoring system (FreeStyle Libre\u00ae) guide for use in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Mangas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2012). Medical Laboratories\u2014Requirements for Quality and Competence (Standard No. ISO 15189:2012)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2025, January 12). IDF Diabetes Atlas (11th ed.). Available online: https:\/\/idf.org."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2336-9","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: The Di@bet.es Study","volume":"55","author":"Soriguer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2023). Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142023. Diabetes Care, 46, S1\u2013S291."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2174","article-title":"A new look at screening and diagnosing diabetes mellitus","volume":"93","author":"Saudek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2013.33.6.393","article-title":"HbA1c: A review of analytical and clinical aspects","volume":"33","author":"Weykamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2337\/ds18-0033","article-title":"Diabetes Management in the Elderly","volume":"31","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1801","article-title":"Consensus Development Conference on Diabetes and Older Adults. Diabetes in older adults: A consensus report","volume":"35","author":"Kirkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70176-7","article-title":"Diabetes in older people: New insights and remaining challenges","volume":"3","author":"Sinclair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10029","article-title":"Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988\u20132012","volume":"314","author":"Menke","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.31689\/rmm.2024.31.4.337","article-title":"Total cholestarol and blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"31","author":"Trisna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mod. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Aguado, M. (2024, October 26). \u00bfC\u00f3mo medir el colesterol LDL?. Carprimaria., Available online: https:\/\/www.carprimaria.com\/leer-ci\/ldl-colesterol-trigliceridos."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"16","article-title":"Manejo de muestras lip\u00e9micas en el Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico","volume":"4","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"286","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of lipid abnormalities in patients treated with statins in primary and secondary prevention in Spain. DYSIS-Spain Study","volume":"64","author":"Guijarro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Addinsoft (2019). XLSTAT Statistical and Data Analysis Solutions, Addinsoft."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30314-3","article-title":"Trends in cause-specific mortality among adults with and without diagnosed diabetes in the USA: An epidemiological analysis of linked national survey and vital statistics data","volume":"391","author":"Gregg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, P., Lozano, P., Ros, G., and Solano, F. (2023). Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress: An Integral, Updated and Critical Overview of Their Metabolic Interconnections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119352"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101161","article-title":"Urban and rural differences in new onset type 2 diabetes: Comparisons across national and regional samples in the diabetes LEAD network","volume":"19","author":"McAlexander","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05891-x","article-title":"Sex differences in type 2 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Leutner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872020000200145","article-title":"Enfermedad coronaria en mujeres pre y postmenop\u00e1usicas y su relaci\u00f3n con la diabetes mellitus tipo 2","volume":"148","author":"Ibieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030242","article-title":"The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause","volume":"88","author":"Carr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.10.002","article-title":"Estrogen and androgen receptors: Regulators of fuel homeostasis and emerging targets for diabetes and obesity","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt088","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus among US adolescents: Results from the continuous NHANES, 1999\u20132010","volume":"178","author":"Demmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000218683.97338.ea","article-title":"Postmenopausal status and early menopause as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Atsma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20220329","article-title":"Development and validation of prediction models for the 5-year risk of type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective (JPHC) Diabetes Study","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.05.011","article-title":"The role of estrogen in insulin resistance: A review of clinical and preclinical data","volume":"191","author":"Zakharia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Dietetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2674-0311\/4\/3\/36\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:33:08Z","timestamp":1760034788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2674-0311\/4\/3\/36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["dietetics4030036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dietetics4030036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0311"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2674-0311"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}}}