{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T10:30:50Z","timestamp":1768645850948,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU SUDOE","award":["SOE2\/P5E0804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SOE2\/P5E0804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drones"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change has intensified the need for robust fire prevention strategies. Sustainable forest fuel management is crucial in mitigating the occurrence and rapid spread of forest fires. This study assessed the impact of vegetation clearing and\/or grazing over a three-year period in the herbaceous and shrub parts of a Mediterranean oak forest. Using high-resolution multispectral data from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), four flight surveys were conducted from 2019 (pre- and post-clearing) to 2021. These data were used to evaluate different scenarios: combined vegetation clearing and grazing, the individual application of each method, and a control scenario that was neither cleared nor purposely grazed. The UAV data allowed for the detailed monitoring of vegetation dynamics, enabling the classification into arboreal, shrubs, herbaceous, and soil categories. Grazing pressure was estimated through GPS collars on the sheep flock. Additionally, a good correlation (r = 0.91) was observed between UAV-derived vegetation volume estimates and field measurements. These practices proved to be efficient in fuel management, with cleared and grazed areas showing a lower vegetation regrowth, followed by areas only subjected to vegetation clearing. On the other hand, areas not subjected to any of these treatments presented rapid vegetation growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8080364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T10:34:43Z","timestamp":1722422083000},"page":"364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing the Impact of Clearing and Grazing on Fuel Management in a Mediterranean Oak Forest through Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Multispectral Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems (CRIIS), Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-18-1647-2018","article-title":"Global Assessment of Rural\u2013Urban Interface in Portugal Related to Land Cover Changes","volume":"18","author":"Tonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Durrant, T., Boca, R., Libert\u00e0, G., Branco, A., De Rigo, D., Ferrari, D., Maianti, P., Art\u00e9s Vivancos, T., and Oom, D. (2020). Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2019, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, October 18). Nikolaj Nielsen Europe\u2019s Wildfire Destruction Set to Hit New Record. Available online: https:\/\/euobserver.com\/green-economy\/155777."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00042952","article-title":"Changes and Disturbances of Forest Ecosystems Caused by Human Activities in the Western Part of the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"87","author":"Barbero","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2020.102145","article-title":"Assessing Preferences for Wildfire Prevention Policies in Spain","volume":"115","author":"Loureiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119891","article-title":"Vegetation Structure and Fuel Dynamics in Fire-Prone, Mediterranean-Type Banksia Woodlands","volume":"505","author":"Tangney","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-016-1012-5","article-title":"Spatially Modeling Wildland Fire Severity in Pine Forests of Galicia, Spain","volume":"136","author":"Vega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1071\/WF11139","article-title":"Describing Wildland Surface Fuel Loading for Fire Management: A Review of Approaches, Methods and Systems","volume":"22","author":"Keane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"100125","article-title":"A Fire-Use Decision Model to Improve the United States\u2019 Wildfire Management and Support Climate Change Adaptation","volume":"1","author":"Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.01.034","article-title":"Basic Principles of Forest Fuel Reduction Treatments","volume":"211","author":"Agee","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1731930","article-title":"A New Approach to Quantify Grazing Pressure under Mediterranean Pastoral Systems Using GIS and Remote Sensing","volume":"41","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/17583004.2022.2029575","article-title":"Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation through Increased Grazing Pressure: A Case Study in North Portugal","volume":"13","author":"Ameray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon Manag"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147917","article-title":"Decoupling of Traditional Burnings and Grazing Regimes Alters Plant Diversity and Dominant Species Competition in High-Mountain Grasslands","volume":"790","author":"Canals","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"M\u00fagica, L., Canals, R.M., San Emeterio, L., Mosquera-Losada, M.R., Torres, F., Plaixats, J., Castro, M., Robles, A.B., S\u00e1ez, J.L., and Aguerre, C. (2022, January 26\u201330). Leire Sustainable Management Model for the Preservation of Valuable Open Mountain Areas: The Open2preserve Project. Proceedings of the 29th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federationc, Caen, France."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2020.125837","article-title":"Ungulates and Ecosystem Services in Mediterranean Woody Systems: A Semi-Quantitative Review","volume":"55","author":"Perea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2012.01214.x","article-title":"Do Goats Preserve the Forest? Evaluating the Effects of Grazing Goats on Combustible Mediterranean Scrub","volume":"16","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancilla-Leyt\u00f3n, J.M., Hernando, C., Cambroll\u00e9, J., Mu\u00f1oz-Vall\u00e9s, S., Pino-Mej\u00edas, R., and Vicente, \u00c1.M. (2021). Can Shrub Flammability Be Affected by Goat Grazing? Flammability Parameters of Mediterranean Shrub Species under Grazing. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031555"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfab003","article-title":"Horse Meat Production in Northern Spain: Ecosystem Services and Sustainability in High Nature Value Farmland","volume":"11","author":"Insausti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1071\/EA03109","article-title":"Benefits of Accurately Allocating Feed on a Daily Basis to Dairy Cows Grazing Pasture","volume":"45","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1071\/WF05097","article-title":"Remote Sensing Techniques to Assess Active Fire Characteristics and Post-Fire Effects","volume":"15","author":"Lentile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudd, J., Roberson, G., and Classen, J. (2017, January 16\u201319). Application of Satellite, Unmanned Aircraft System, and Ground-Based Sensor Data for Precision Agriculture: A Review. Proceedings of the 2017 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Spokane, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.13031\/aim.201700272"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Misra, S., Rocha, A.M.A.C., and Garau, C. (2022, January 4\u20137). LULC Classification Performance of Supervised and Unsupervised Algorithms on UAV-Orthomosaics. Proceedings of the Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2022 Workshops, Malaga, Spain."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1890\/120150","article-title":"Lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Will Revolutionize Spatial Ecology","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Castro, A.I., Shi, Y., Maja, J.M., and Pe\u00f1a, J.M. (2021). UAVs for Vegetation Monitoring: Overview and Recent Scientific Contributions. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112139"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13376","article-title":"Contribution of Semi-Arid Ecosystems to Interannual Variability of the Global Carbon Cycle","volume":"509","author":"Poulter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107494","article-title":"An Improved Approach to Estimate Above-Ground Volume and Biomass of Desert Shrub Communities Based on UAV RGB Images","volume":"125","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"102358","article-title":"UAV-Based Individual Shrub Aboveground Biomass Estimation Calibrated against Terrestrial LiDAR in a Shrub-Encroached Grassland","volume":"101","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112416","article-title":"Investigating the Applicability of UAVs in Characterizing Desert Shrub Biomass and Developing Biological Indicators for the Selection of Suitable Revegetation Sites","volume":"288","author":"Abdullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107227","article-title":"A Novel UAV-Based Approach for Biomass Prediction and Grassland Structure Assessment in Coastal Meadows","volume":"122","author":"Bergamo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Sun, Y., Chang, L., Qin, Y., Chen, J., Qin, Y., Du, J., Yi, S., and Wang, Y. (2018). Estimation of Grassland Canopy Height and Aboveground Biomass at the Quadrat Scale Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060851"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00e9au, J., Lauzier-Hudon, \u00c9., Aub\u00e9, L., and Devillers, N. (2021). Estimation of Forage Biomass and Vegetation Cover in Grasslands Using UAV Imagery. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245784"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106645","article-title":"Nitrogen Variability Assessment of Pasture Fields under an Integrated Crop-Livestock System Using UAV, PlanetScope, and Sentinel-2 Data","volume":"193","author":"Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"034525","article-title":"Estimating Biomass in Temperate Grassland with High Resolution Canopy Surface Models from UAV-Based RGB Images and Vegetation Indices","volume":"13","author":"Lussem","year":"2019","journal-title":"JARS"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B1-991-2016","article-title":"Multi-Temporal Crop Surface Models Combined with the RGB Vegetation Index from Uav-Based Images for Forage Monitoring in Grassland","volume":"41B1","author":"Possoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e01999","article-title":"A Non-Destructive Method for Rapid Acquisition of Grassland Aboveground Biomass for Satellite Ground Verification Using UAV RGB Images","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijesingha, J., Astor, T., Schulze-Br\u00fcninghoff, D., Wengert, M., and Wachendorf, M. (2020). Predicting Forage Quality of Grasslands Using UAV-Borne Imaging Spectroscopy. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010126"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042792","article-title":"Estimating Plant Traits of Grasslands from UAV-Acquired Hyperspectral Images: A Comparison of Statistical Approaches","volume":"4","author":"Capolupo","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Insua, J.R., Utsumi, S.A., and Basso, B. (2019). Estimation of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Pasture Growth and Digestibility in Grazing Rotations Coupling Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with Crop Simulation Models. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212773"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2021.10.001","article-title":"UAV\u2212Enabled Quantification of Grazing-Induced Changes in Uniformity of Green Cover on Semiarid and Mesic Grasslands","volume":"80","author":"Polley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.114880","article-title":"Using Multispectral Data from an Unmanned Aerial System to Estimate Pasture Depletion during Grazing","volume":"275","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batistoti, J., Marcato Junior, J., \u00cdtavo, L., Matsubara, E., Gomes, E., Oliveira, B., Souza, M., Siqueira, H., Salgado Filho, G., and Akiyama, T. (2019). Estimating Pasture Biomass and Canopy Height in Brazilian Savanna Using UAV Photogrammetry. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202447"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1434329","article-title":"Estimation of Positions and Heights from UAV-Sensed Imagery in Tree Plantations in Agrosilvopastoral Systems","volume":"39","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvajal-Ram\u00edrez, F., Marques da Silva, J.R., Ag\u00fcera-Vega, F., Mart\u00ednez-Carricondo, P., Serrano, J., and Moral, F.J. (2019). Evaluation of Fire Severity Indices Based on Pre- and Post-Fire Multispectral Imagery Sensed from UAV. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11090993"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1362132","article-title":"Disturbance Feedbacks on the Height of Woody Vegetation in a Savannah: A Multi-Plot Assessment Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)","volume":"39","author":"Mayr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.12.006","article-title":"Aboveground Total and Green Biomass of Dryland Shrub Derived from Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"88","author":"Olsoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.026","article-title":"High-Resolution Mapping of Aboveground Shrub Biomass in Arctic Tundra Using Airborne Lidar and Imagery","volume":"184","author":"Greaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107126","article-title":"Monitoring Biomass in Two Heterogeneous Mountain Pasture Communities by Image Based 3D Point Cloud Derived Predictors","volume":"121","author":"Passalacqua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maesano, M., Santopuoli, G., Moresi, F.V., Matteucci, G., Lasserre, B., and Scarascia Mugnozza, G. (2022). Above Ground Biomass Estimation from UAV High Resolution RGB Images and LiDAR Data in a Pine Forest in Southern Italy. Iforest\u2014Biogeosci. For., 15.","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor3781-015"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302971","article-title":"Intercomparison of UAV, Aircraft and Satellite Remote Sensing Platforms for Precision Viticulture","volume":"7","author":"Matese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"022202","article-title":"Manned Aircraft versus Small Unmanned Aerial System\u2014Forestry Remote Sensing Comparison Utilizing Lidar and Structure-from-Motion for Forest Carbon Modeling and Disturbance Detection","volume":"14","author":"McClelland","year":"2019","journal-title":"JARS"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"388","article-title":"Application of the Line Interception Method in Sampling Range Vegetation","volume":"39","author":"Canfield","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.48.1.74","article-title":"Evluation of Bare Ground on Rangelands Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Case Study","volume":"48","author":"Breckenridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Figueiredo, T. (2013). De Uma Panor\u00e2mica Sobre os Recursos Pedol\u00f3gicos do Nordeste Transmontano, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"FAO, and FAO\/UNESCO (1988). Soil Map of the World. Revised Legend, with Corrections and Updates, FAO. World Soil Resources Report."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9391","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD028200","article-title":"An Ensemble Version of the E-OBS Temperature and Precipitation Data Sets","volume":"123","author":"Cornes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, M., Castro, J.P., and Castro, J. (2022). Understory Clearing in Open Grazed Mediterranean Oak Forests: Assessing the Impact on Vegetation. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141710979"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"309","article-title":"Monitoring Vegetation Systems in The Great Plains with ERTS","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Rouse","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Goddard Space Flight Center 3rd ERTS-1 Symp."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.11.008","article-title":"Finding the Right Pixel Size","volume":"32","author":"Hengl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1dua, L., Marques, P., Ad\u00e1o, T., Hru\u0161ka, J., Peres, E., Morais, R., Sousa, A., and Sousa, J.J. (2018, January 20\u201322). UAS-Based Imagery and Photogrammetric Processing for Tree Height and Crown Diameter Extraction. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geoinformatics and Data Analysis, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1145\/3220228.3220241"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1226002","article-title":"Assessment of a Canopy Height Model (CHM) in a Vineyard Using UAV-Based Multispectral Imaging","volume":"38","author":"Matese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Marques, P., P\u00e1dua, L., Ad\u00e3o, T., Hru\u0161ka, J., Sousa, J.J., Peres, E., Martins, L.M., and Sousa, A. (2017). Automatic Chestnut Trees Monitoring by Aerial Photographs Obtained by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UTAD."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"301","article-title":"Post-Fire Forestry Recovery Monitoring Using High-Resolution Multispectral Imagery From Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","volume":"Volume XLII-3-W8","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ISPRS\u2014International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1dua, L., Guimar\u00e3es, N., Ad\u00e3o, T., Sousa, A., Peres, E., and Sousa, J.J. (2020). Effectiveness of Sentinel-2 in Multi-Temporal Post-Fire Monitoring When Compared with UAV Imagery. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040225"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00072-7","article-title":"Use of a Green Channel in Remote Sensing of Global Vegetation from EOS-MODIS","volume":"58","author":"Gitelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104801","article-title":"Can Cattle Geolocation Data Yield Behavior-Based Criteria to Inform Precision Grazing Systems on Rangeland?","volume":"255","author":"McIntosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105355","article-title":"A Preliminary Study of the Physiological and Behavioral Response of Beef Cattle to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)","volume":"241","author":"Abdulai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2020.05.004","article-title":"Quantifying the Dynamics of Livestock Distribution by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Case Study of Yak Grazing at the Household Scale","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbedo, J.G.A., Koenigkan, L.V., Santos, T.T., and Santos, P.M. (2019). A Study on the Detection of Cattle in UAV Images Using Deep Learning. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201912.0089.v1"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1624858","article-title":"Cattle Detection and Counting in UAV Images Based on Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"41","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"100753","article-title":"Estimation of Aboveground Biomass Production Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and VEN\u03bcS Satellite Imagery in Mediterranean and Semiarid Rangelands","volume":"26","author":"Adar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2022.01.008","article-title":"Grazing Treatment Influences Recovery of Mesic Grassland from Seasonal Drought: An Assessment Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle\u2212Enabled Remote Sensing","volume":"82","author":"Polley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Moura Oliveira, P., Novais, P., and Reis, L.P. (2019, January 3\u20136). Classification of an Agrosilvopastoral System Using RGB Imagery from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Proceedings of the Progress in Artificial Intelligence, Vila Real, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.03.011","article-title":"Species Classification Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Acquired High Spatial Resolution Imagery in a Heterogeneous Grassland","volume":"128","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tren\u010danov\u00e1, B., Proen\u00e7a, V., and Bernardino, A. (2022). Development of Semantic Maps of Vegetation Cover from UAV Images to Support Planning and Management in Fine-Grained Fire-Prone Landscapes. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051262"}],"container-title":["Drones"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-446X\/8\/8\/364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:27:11Z","timestamp":1760110031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-446X\/8\/8\/364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["drones8080364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/drones8080364","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-446X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-446X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}}}