{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:14:28Z","timestamp":1777490068585,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Framework Programme","award":["101093046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101093046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drones"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a multi-drone proof of concept for efficient forest mapping and autonomous operation, framed within the context of the OPENSWARM EU Project. The approach leverages state-of-the-art open-source simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) frameworks, like LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mapping (LIO-SAM), and Distributed Collaborative LiDAR SLAM Framework for a Robotic Swarm (DCL-SLAM), seamlessly integrated within the MRS UAV System and Swarm Formation packages. This integration is achieved through a series of procedures compliant with Robot Operating System middleware (ROS), including an auto-tuning particle swarm optimisation method for enhanced flight control and stabilisation, which is crucial for autonomous operation in challenging environments. Field experiments conducted in a forest with multiple drones demonstrate the system\u2019s ability to navigate complex terrains as a coordinated swarm, accurately and collaboratively mapping forest areas. Results highlight the potential of this proof of concept, contributing to the development of scalable autonomous solutions for forestry management. The findings emphasise the significance of integrating multiple open-source technologies to advance sustainable forestry practices using swarms of drones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/drones9020080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T10:58:58Z","timestamp":1737457138000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Multi-Drone System Proof of Concept for Forestry Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1507-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 G.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingeniarius, Ltd., 4445 Alfena, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A. P.","family":"Pizzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingeniarius, Ltd., 4445 Alfena, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6641-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micael S.","family":"Couceiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingeniarius, Ltd., 4445 Alfena, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4612-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui P.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Partheepan, S., Sanati, F., and Hassan, J. (2023). 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