{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T22:15:41Z","timestamp":1769897741143,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Economies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The literature regarding innovation drivers is usually based on variables taken from some theoretical approach and validated within a methodology. Some authors have included COVID-19 as a driver for innovations. In this paper, we address the pandemic from a different viewpoint: trying to find if innovation drivers for European countries are the same in pre- and post-pandemic years. The automated general-to-specific model selection algorithm\u2014Autometrics\u2014is used. The main potentially relevant drivers for which data were available for both years and two proxies of innovation (patents and the Summary Innovation Index) were considered. The final models provided by Autometrics allow for valid inference on retained innovation drivers since they have passed a plethora of diagnostic tests, ensuring congruency. The attractiveness of the research system is the most impactful driver on the index in both years but other drivers indeed differ. SMEs\u2019 business process innovation and their cooperation networks matter only in 2022. We found crowding-out effects of public funding of R&amp;D (in both years, for the index). Sustainability was a driver in both periods. The ranking of common drivers also changes. Non-R&amp;D innovation expenditures, the second most relevant before COVID-19, concedes to digitalization. Surprisingly, when patents are the proxy, digitalization is retained before COVID-19, with the attractiveness of the research system replacing it afterwards. Explanations for our findings are suggested. The main implications of our findings for innovation policy seem to be the facilitating role that the government should have in fostering linkages between stakeholders and the capacity the government might have to improve the attractiveness of the research system. Policies based on the public funding of R&amp;D appear ineffective for European countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/economies13040110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T04:05:31Z","timestamp":1744776331000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Quest for Innovation Drivers with Autometrics: Do These Differ Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic for European Economies?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Sciences Department, University of Maia, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos\u2014Castelo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5100-0794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Sciences Department, University of Maia, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos\u2014Castelo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"},{"name":"NECE-UBI\u2014Research Centre for Business Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada do Sineiro, s\/n, 6200-209 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CeBER, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Av Dias da Silva 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2918-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alberta","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Sciences Department, University of Maia, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos\u2014Castelo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"},{"name":"NECE-UBI\u2014Research Centre for Business Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada do Sineiro, s\/n, 6200-209 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.2.126","article-title":"Political losers as a barrier to economic development","volume":"90","author":"Acemoglu","year":"2000","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2006.00119.x","article-title":"Innovation management measurement: A review","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-021-00887-7","article-title":"The cyclical and nonlinear impact of R&D and innovation activities on economic growth in OECD economies: A new perspective","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOA-08-2023-3905","article-title":"Digital innovation drivers in retail banking: The role of leadership, culture, and technostress inhibitors","volume":"32","author":"Omar","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Organizational Analysis"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2023.104900","article-title":"Regional innovation networks & high-growth entrepreneurship","volume":"53","author":"Araki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4456","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.3704","article-title":"A system dynamics approach to modelling eco-innovation drivers in companies: Understanding complex interactions using machine learning","volume":"33","author":"Arranz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Business Strategy and the Environment"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"463","article-title":"Is training a green innovation driver? 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