{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:56:52Z","timestamp":1760237812281,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increased recognition of outcomes, or competency-based education, has evolved across higher education on health sciences. However, there is significant diversity in the current study of Portuguese programmes. Considering learning outcomes (LO) as indicators of knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes and the understanding that the student will gain as a result of an educational experience, this study aims to explore which LO are emphasised on the study programmes of health sciences in Portugal. Through a qualitative methodology, carried out through MAXQDA software, all LO of all Portuguese health sciences study programmes submitted to quality accreditation to the Portuguese Agency for Assessment and Accreditation of Higher Education (A3ES) since 2009 until 2016 were analysed. Although specific knowledge was the most referenced LO, transversal skills were also emphasized, such as critical and reflexive analysis\/critical thinking, research, ability to organize and plan and professional ethics. Significant differences were found between LO selection when the analysis was made by comparing the diverse study programmes. This required assortment of knowledge and skills seems to reflect not only the specificities of each health science programme but also the challenging demands on professionals in the 21st century, along with the necessary changes imposed by society, fostering intercultural understanding, tolerance, mutual respect and an ethic of global citizenship and shared responsibility, crucial enablers of educational development for all in the scope of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci10060168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T08:54:50Z","timestamp":1592988890000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["For a Healthy (and) Higher Education: Evidences from Learning Outcomes in Health Sciences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Portuguese Catholic University, Rua de Cam\u00f5es 60, 4710-362 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0379-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Human Development (CEDH), Portuguese Catholic University, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES), Rua 1\u00ba Dezembro 399, 4450-227 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2952-8859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder Fernando Pedrosa e","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics (DM. UTAD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Guedes","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alzira Pimenta","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2067-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES), Rua 1\u00ba Dezembro 399, 4450-227 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"University Europeia, Quinta do Bom Nome, Estr. da Correia 53, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.18870\/hlrc.v2i2.23","article-title":"Can students\u2019 concept of learning influence their learning outcomes?","volume":"2","author":"Marouchou","year":"2012","journal-title":"High. Learn. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12150","article-title":"Learning outcomes: From policy discourse to practice","volume":"50","author":"Stanley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, M.J., and Amaral, A. (2014). Assessment of Higher Education learning outcomes (AHELO): Feasibility Study. Quality Assurance in Higher Education. Contemporary Debates, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137374639"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Froment, E., Kohler, J., Purser, L., and Wilson, L. (2006). An introduction to learning outcomes. EUA Bologna Handbook, Raabe."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"UNESCO (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"115","article-title":"Por uma sociologia do desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel: Uma reflex\u00e3o sobre a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um novo campo disciplinar [For a sustainable development sociology: A reflection on the creation of a new disciplinary field]","volume":"17","author":"Vidal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Ambiente Sustent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiliam, D. (2010). The role of formative assessment in effective learning environment. The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice, OECD.","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264086487-8-en"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Gallavara, G., Hreinsson, E., Kajaste, M., and Zadeh, M.S. (2008). Learning Outcomes: Common Framework\u2014Different Approaches to Evaluation Learning Outcomes in the Nordic Countries, European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Tissot, P. (2014). Terminology of Education and Training Policy: A Multilingual Glossary, European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Adam, S. (2002, January 1\u20132). Using learning outcomes; A consideration of the nature, role, application and implications for European education of employing \u2018learning outcomes\u2019 at the local, national and international levels. Proceedings of the United Kingdom Bologna Seminar, Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Aamodt, P.O., and Hovdhaugen, E. (2008). Assessing Higher Education Learning Outcomes as a Result of Institutional and Individual Characteristics, OECD."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Adam, S. (2008, January 21\u201322). Learning Outcomes based Higher Education: The Scottish experiences. Proceedings of the Bologna Seminar, Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Learning Ooutcome in Higher Education: Time to think again?","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Worcester J. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, D., and Soares, D. (2017, January 6\u20138). Learning outcomes in Higher Education: Designing a conceptual map for portuguese academia. Proceedings of the International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2017.2170"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"66","article-title":"Assessment of Higher Education learning outcomes (AHELO): Feasibility Study","volume":"1","author":"Tremblay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Feasibil. Study Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gonzalez, J., and Wagenaar, R. (2003). Tuning Educational Structures in Europe. Final Report. Pilot Project\u2014Phase 1, Deusto-Groningen."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of learning outcomes in Higher Education","volume":"15","author":"Nusche","year":"2008","journal-title":"OECD Educ. Work. Pap."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/00091380309604739","article-title":"Responding responsibly to the frenzy to assess learning in higher education","volume":"31","author":"Shavelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Change"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bloom, B. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"19","article-title":"Enhancing alumni research: European and american perspectives","volume":"126","author":"Ewell","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Dir. Inst. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Pascarella, E., and Terenzini, P. (2005). How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Reason, R.D., and Hemer, K. (2012). Civic Learning and Engagement: A Review of the Literature on Civic Learning, Assessment, and Instruments, Association of American Colleges and Universities."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, May 02). A3ES. Available online: https:\/\/www.a3es.pt\/en."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001160","article-title":"Creating the Medical Schools of the Future","volume":"92","author":"Skochelak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, J.D.A., Augusto, G.F., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Quevedo, C. (2017). Portugal: Health System Review, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"143","article-title":"Motivations Influencing the Surgeon\u2019s Healthcare Unit Choice to Perform Surgery: A Confirmatory Study in Portugal","volume":"10","author":"Nora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391625","article-title":"Current state in U.S. public health competency-based graduate education","volume":"33","author":"Calhoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0687","article-title":"The Emergence of Undergraduate Majors in Global Health: Systematic Review of Programs and Recommendations for Future Directions","volume":"96","author":"Drain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001477","article-title":"Integrating and assessing structural competency in an innovative prehealth curriculum at Vanderbilt University","volume":"92","author":"Metzl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2017.03.107","article-title":"Towards a Universal Medical Education Global Health Curriculum: Update on the Bellagio Global Health Education Initiative","volume":"83","author":"Peluso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001249","article-title":"Priority areas and potential solutions for successful integration and sustainment of Health Systems Science in Undergraduate Medical Education","volume":"92","author":"Gonzalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0835","article-title":"Undergraduate global health degrees: The time is right","volume":"96","author":"Brewer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001346","article-title":"Value-Added Clinical Systems Learning Roles for Medical Students That Transform Education and Health","volume":"92","author":"Gonzalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877X.2017.1323193","article-title":"Uncertain pathways: Foundation skills tutors and marginalised students in neoliberal times","volume":"42","author":"Strauss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Furth. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2016.0011","article-title":"Measuring medical students\u2019 preparedness and skills to provide cross-cultural care","volume":"1","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.5856.72b4","article-title":"Implementing and tailoring a western-developed communication skills training program for graduate medical trainees in Qatar","volume":"8","author":"Bylund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Cantu, A.G. (2017, January 27\u201331). Impacting practice: Using a poverty Simulation to develop leadership skills in baccalaureate nursing students. Proceedings of the Stigma Theta Tau International\u2019s 28th International Nursing Research Congress, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"JC01","article-title":"Teaching and assessing reflecting skills among undergraduate medical students experiencing research","volume":"11","author":"Devi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Shea, J.M. (2017, January 27\u201331). Impact of an Integrated Care Clinical Experience on Skills and Confidence of Nurse Practitioner Students. Proceedings of the Sigma Theta Tau International\u2019s 28th International Nursing Research Congress, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callan, J.E., Maheu, M.M., and Bucky, S.F. (2017). Crisis in the behavioral health classroom: Enhancing knowledge, skills, and attitudes in Telehealth Training. Career Paths in Telemental Health, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23736-7_5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, H. (2017). How an adolescent health curriculum was implemented in Portugal. International Handbook on Adolescent Health and Development, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40743-2_17"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2016.12.010","article-title":"The hidden curriculum in near-peer learning: An exploratory qualitative study","volume":"50","author":"McKenna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, S. (2017). Expanding Curriculum Pathways Between Education for Sustainability (EfS) and Health and Physical Education (HPE). Reimagining Sustainability in Precarious Times, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2550-1_16"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303529","article-title":"The University-Public health partnership for public Health research training in Quebec, Canada","volume":"107","author":"Paradis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013955","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013955","article-title":"Standardisation of delivery and assessment of research training for specialty trainees based on curriculum requirements: Recommendations based on a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Rangan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"89","article-title":"Insights in Public Health: Training Today\u2019s Students to Meet Tomorrow\u2019s Challenges: Undergraduate Public Health at the University of Hawai\u2019i at Manoa","volume":"76","author":"Arakaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hawai\u2019i J. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13306","article-title":"A protocol for the development of a critical thinking assessment tool for nurses using a Delphi technique","volume":"73","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, D., Franco, A., and Dias, D. (2017, January 6\u20138). Translating critical thinking skills to higher education practices. Proceedings of the International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2017.2171"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001580","article-title":"Training Internal Medicine Residents in Social Medicine and Research-Based Health Advocacy","volume":"92","author":"Basu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15694\/mep.2017.000061","article-title":"A Tool for Educating Global Health Practitioners: The Curriculum Design Compass","volume":"6","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"MedEdPublish"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2016.11.011","article-title":"The importance of clinical research skills according to PharmD students, first-year residents, and residency directors","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15694\/mep.2017.000050","article-title":"Implementation of a Learning Management System for Medical Students: A Case Study of Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College","volume":"6","author":"Tibyampansha","year":"2017","journal-title":"MedEdPublish"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n1p150","article-title":"The Effect of Metacognitive Instruction on Problem Solving Skills in Iranian Students of Health Sciences","volume":"8","author":"Safari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-52712015v41n1rb20160072","article-title":"Conflitos \u00e9ticos vivenciados por estudantes de Medicina [Ethical conflicts experienced by medical students]","volume":"41","author":"Menezes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Educ. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verrinder, J.M., Ostini, R., and Phillips, C.J.C. (2016). Differences in Moral Judgment on Animal and Human Ethics Issues between University Students in Animal-Related, Human Medical and Arts Programs. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149308"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe80462","article-title":"A cross sectional and longitudinal study of Pharmacy student perceptions of readiness to serve diverse populations","volume":"80","author":"Crawford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12305","article-title":"Clinical teachers\u2019 perspectives on cultural competence in medical education","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0588-2","article-title":"A systematic review of person-centered care interventions to improve quality of facility-based delivery","volume":"15","author":"Rubashkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eS59","DOI":"10.21815\/JDE.017.035","article-title":"Transforming dental technology education: Skills, knowledge, and curricular reform","volume":"81","author":"Bobich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"15","article-title":"What are the fundamentals for a Medical School Curriculum in the 21st Century?","volume":"95","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732317707726","article-title":"Experience of touch in health care: A meta-ethnography across the Health care professions","volume":"28","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000395237.83851.79","article-title":"\u201cHow should I touch You?\u201d: A qualitative study of attitudes on intimate touch in Nursing Care","volume":"111","author":"Krautscheid","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJN Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.1999.63.5.tb03286.x","article-title":"Acquisition of a touching style","volume":"63","author":"Schifter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/10\/6\/168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:42:11Z","timestamp":1760175731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/10\/6\/168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci10060168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci10060168","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-7102"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]}}}