{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:37:39Z","timestamp":1768340259476,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Higher education students lack skills to deal in a positive way with the crises inherent to the developmental phase in which they find themselves. However, the complexity of the current global context adds an urgent need for them to be resilient. For this purpose, it is necessary to evaluate their capacity for resilience, which requires the use of instruments that are easy to access, useful, simple, and fast. In this sense, this study aimed to develop and validate a scale to assess students\u2019 resilience in the face of adversity. The scale was administered to a sample of 2030 Portuguese higher education students. The results obtained pointed towards a factorial structure composed of two factors named \u201cself-determination\u201d and \u201cadaptability\u201d, which showed good internal consistency. Therefore, this scale proved to be a valid measure to assess resilience among the university population. Future studies may consider this variable as an intervention target since it can be a predictor of success in phases of change and crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11020061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development and Psychometric Properties of a Scale to Measure Resilience among Portuguese University Students: Resilience Scale-10"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0600-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacinto","family":"Jardim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Entrepreneurship Education Office, Department of Social Sciences and Management, Universidade Aberta, 1250-100 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anabela","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0817-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"B\u00e1rtolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3917\/rsi.121.0028","article-title":"La r\u00e9silience: \u00c9volution des conceptions th\u00e9oriques et des applications cliniques","volume":"121","author":"Anaut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rech. Soins Infirm."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jardim, J. (2012). 10 Compet\u00eancias Rumo \u00e0 Felicidade: Guia Pr\u00e1tico para Pessoas, Equipas e Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es Empreendedoras, Instituto Piaget. [2th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1344985","article-title":"Psychological Trait Resilience Within Ecological Systems Theory: The Resilient Systems Scales","volume":"101","author":"Maltby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/0046760X.2017.1373305","article-title":"The science of pedagogy in Soviet Estonia (1944\u20131991): Resilience in the face of adversity","volume":"47","author":"Wolhuter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hist. Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"179","article-title":"Developing Well-Being in Australian Youth: Contingencies of Self-Esteem","volume":"8","author":"Shean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2018.1540860","article-title":"Application of resilience theories in the transition to parenthood: A scoping review","volume":"37","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1376.002","article-title":"Implications of Resilience Concepts for Scientific Understanding","volume":"1094","author":"Rutter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15240750701301563","article-title":"I have I am I can","volume":"10","author":"Grotberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"NHSA Dialog."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12205","article-title":"Global Perspectives on Resilience in Children and Youth","volume":"85","author":"Masten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X03257030","article-title":"A Constructionst Discourse on Resilience: Multiple Contexts, Multiple Realities among At-Risk Children and Youth","volume":"35","author":"Ungar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Youth Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., and Kuang, L. (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Soc. Sci. Med., 262.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113261"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/tl.20375","article-title":"Resilient Learners, Learning Resilience: Contemplative Practice in the Sustainability Classroom","volume":"2020","author":"Goralnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Dir. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/1474904116652629","article-title":"Supporting the retention of non-traditional students in Higher Education using a resilience framework","volume":"16","author":"Cotton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/03069885.2013.793784","article-title":"Degrees of resilience: Profiling psychological resilience and prospective academic achievement in university inductees","volume":"42","author":"Allan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Guid. Counc."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Jardim, J. (2010). Programa de Desenvolvimento de Compet\u00eancias Pessoais e Sociais: Estudo para a Promo\u00e7\u00e3o do Sucesso Acad\u00e9mico, Instituto Piaget."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-018-9276-1","article-title":"An Initial Investigation of the Efficacy of the Resilience Education Program (REP)","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sch. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jardim, J., and Pereira, A. (2021, February 04). Compet\u00eancias Pessoais e Sociais: Guia Pr\u00e1tico para a Ativa\u00e7\u00e3o de Mudan\u00e7as Positivas; 2006. Available online: https:\/\/www.eas.pt\/competencias-pessoais-e-sociais-guia-pratico-para-a-mudanca-positiva\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573508316592","article-title":"The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents, Psychological Symptoms, and Clinical Status in Adolescents","volume":"23","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3917\/rsi.082.0004","article-title":"Le concept de r\u00e9silience et ses applications cliniques","volume":"82","author":"Anaut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rech. Soins Infirm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.21913\/JSW.v5i1.679","article-title":"The effect of You Can Do It! Education in six schools on student perceptions of well-being, teaching-learning and relationships","volume":"5","author":"Bernard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stud. Wellbeing"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.18666\/JOREL-2018-V10-I2-7876","article-title":"Resilience, Peer Relationships, and Confidence: Do Girls\u2019 Programs Promote Positive Change?","volume":"10","author":"Whittington","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Outdoor Recreat. Educ. Leadersh."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Multilevel Investigation of Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: The Relationships Between Self-Perceived Emotion Regulation, Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability, and Personal Factors Associated With Resilience","volume":"10","author":"Lugo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konaszewski, K., Niesiob\u0119dzka, M., and Surzykiewicz, J. (2020). Validation of the Polish version of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1037\/t82105-000"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fung, S. (2020). Validity of the Brief Resilience Scale and Brief Resilient Coping Scale in a Chinese Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041265"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.17575\/rpsicol.v30i2.1125","article-title":"Further evidence for the structure of the Resilience Scale in Portuguese language countries: An invariance study with brazilian and Portuguese adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Dias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicologia"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"36","article-title":"I Am, I Have, I Can: What Families Worldwide Taught Us about Resilience","volume":"2","author":"Grotberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reach. Today\u2019s Youth Commun. Circ. Caring J."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, J. (2010). An\u00e1lise de Equa\u00e7\u00f5es Estruturais: Fundamentos Te\u00f3ricos, Softwares e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es [Structural Equation Analysis: Theorethical Background, Software and Applications], ReportNumber Lda."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030160304","article-title":"Structural equation modelling in perspective","volume":"16","author":"Kelloway","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Organ Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jardim, J., Pereira, A., Vagos, P., Direito, I., and Galinha, S. (2020). The Soft Skills Inventory: Developmental procedures and psychometric analysis. Psychol. Rep., 1\u201329.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294120979933"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Jardim, J., and Franco, J.E. (2019). Estrag\u00e9gias de educa\u00e7\u00e3o para o empreendedorismo. Empreendip\u00e9dia\u2014Dicion\u00e1rio de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Empreendedorismo, Gradiva."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244014545464","article-title":"Conceptual Frameworks and Research Models on Resilience in Leadership","volume":"4","author":"Ledesma","year":"2014","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5964\/psyct.v8i1.126","article-title":"Adult Personal Resilience: A New Theory, New Measure, and Practical Implications","volume":"8","author":"Taormina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Thought"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/job.322","article-title":"Self-determination theory and work motivation","volume":"26","author":"Deci","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Organ Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2016.07.009","article-title":"Developing career resilience and adaptability","volume":"45","author":"Seibert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organ Dyn."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"15","article-title":"Adaptabilidade de carreira: Uma abordagem hist\u00f3rica de conceitos, modelos e teorias","volume":"15","author":"Ambiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Orienta\u00e7. Prof."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/cdq.12231","article-title":"Career Adaptability, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction Among Italian and Belgian Middle School Students","volume":"68","author":"Santilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Career Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodi, E., Zammitti, A., Magnano, P., Patrizi, P., and Santisi, G. (2020). Italian Adaption of Self-Perceived Employability Scale: Psychometric Properties and Relations with the Career Adaptability and Well-Being. Behav. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs10050082"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282919836853","article-title":"The Multidimensional Teachers\u2019 Resilience Scale: Validation for Portuguese Teachers","volume":"38","author":"Peixoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Mediator Role of Resilience between Self-Determination and Self-Efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Bozkus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Online Submiss."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsptr.2018.24.1.44","article-title":"Predictors of Student Resilience in Higher Education","volume":"24","author":"Robbins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Teach. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince-Embury, S., and Saklofske, D. (2013). Perceived Self-Efficacy and its Relationship to Resilience. Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4939-3"}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/11\/2\/61\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:45Z","timestamp":1760160045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/11\/2\/61"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci11020061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci11020061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]}}}