{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:32:33Z","timestamp":1776411153177,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CED-EDG\/28710\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CED-EDG\/28710\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coding is increasingly recognized as a new literacy that should be encouraged at a young age. This understanding has recontextualized computer science as a compulsory school subject and has informed several developmentally appropriate approaches to computation, including for preschool children. This study focuses on the introduction of three approaches to computation in preschool (3\u20136 years), specifically computational thinking, programming, and robotics, from a cross-curricular perspective. This paper presents preliminary findings from one of the case studies currently being developed as part of project KML II\u2014Laboratory of Technologies and Learning of Programming and Robotics for Preschool and Elementary School. The purpose of the KML II project is to characterize how approaches to computation can be integrated into preschool and elementary education, across different knowledge domains. The conclusions point to \u201cexpression and communication\u201d as an initial framework for computational approaches in preschool, but also to multidisciplinary and more creative methodological activities that offer greater scope for the development of digital and computational competences, as well as for personal and social development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11050198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Coding as Literacy in Preschool: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6204-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Francisca","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Education (CIEd), Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Miranda-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Education (CIEd), Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ESEViseu\u2013School of Education, Rua Maximiano Arag\u00e3o, 3504-501 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Jos\u00e9","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Education (CIEd), Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/jaal.496","article-title":"Computational Participation: Understanding Coding as an Extension of Literacy Instruction","volume":"59","author":"Burke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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