{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T19:32:29Z","timestamp":1770492749644,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geographical Information Systems (GISs) in architecture were initially limited to regional and urban development applications. Over recent years its potential has been recognized and its use has evolved to address urban planning and architectural heritage management subjects. Nevertheless, evidence shows that its use in architecture teaching is scarce and uneven. Directive 2007\/2\/EC, establishing the infrastructure for spatial information in the European Community (EU), is, in this way, an opportunity to develop a greater knowledge and application of GIS in the framework of higher education. In architecture, this can be achieved by problem solving based on real case scenarios, which can benefit from GIS-based techniques and analysis capabilities. In this paper, the authors aim to present a review of the use of GIS in teaching and research in architecture to assess its level in different European programmes. Experiences from three European universities (University of Seville, Spain, University of Beira Interior, Portugal, and Technical University of Crete, Greece), which are among the few in their respective countries that promote the inclusion of GIS in architectural education, particularly in the fields of urban and regional planning and architectural heritage, are compared and framed within the European scenario. The paper concludes with a reflection on the three universities\u2019 practice compared to the leading European architecture programmes listed in the main international university rankings. Main trends of future evolution on the use of GIS in architecture teaching are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11060307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T13:29:58Z","timestamp":1624282198000},"page":"307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["GIS in Architectural Teaching and Research: Planning and Heritage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5545-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertha","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Lab2PT, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Sociais, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"CIDEHUS, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4470-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria T.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urbanistics and Land Management, School of Architecture, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4079-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Mosquera-Adell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, Theory and Architectural Composition, School of Architecture, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-1293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despina","family":"Dimelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Lagarias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}]},{"given":"Pedro G.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"GEOBIOTEC, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/03098260500290934","article-title":"Teaching Geographic Information Systems in a Problem- Based Learning Environment","volume":"29","author":"Drennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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