{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:32:01Z","timestamp":1777516321012,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Entrepreneurial universities are a significant element of entrepreneurial ecosystems and aspire to foster entrepreneurial initiative through their \u201cthird mission\u201d. However, while entrepreneurial ecosystems are scrutinized using a contextual approach to detect differences and similarities and how they affect entrepreneurship, little is known about how entrepreneurial universities impact entrepreneurial initiatives in general, considering multiple environments. Drawing on entrepreneurial university and entrepreneurial ecosystem theories, a conceptual framework is proposed that aims to explain the effect of the entrepreneurial university on an entrepreneurial initiative through its three \u201cmissions\u201d, using an entrepreneurial ecosystem taxonomy. Based on individual data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, this entrepreneurial initiative analyzed 18 European countries in 2017. The results do not generally support the importance of entrepreneurial universities to entrepreneurial initiative. The relevance of entrepreneurial universities increases in more fragile entrepreneurial ecosystems since individuals need support over multiple dimensions. Conversely, the entrepreneurial universities that are embedded in stronger entrepreneurial ecosystems lose relevance and negatively affect the entrepreneurial initiative. Therefore, the value of entrepreneurial universities is reduced when individuals receive greater support from other dimensions. The variations across both groups suggest that the concept of entrepreneurial universities is not a contemporaneous phenomenon; however, their effect is progressively revealed by the maturity of each university\u2019s mission. This perspective substantially changes the understanding of entrepreneurial universities as a thwartwise strategy, suggesting that the universities\u2019 impact is expanded as their missions gradually evolve. Overall, the study contributes to an understanding of the implications for universities that blindly follow entrepreneurship, neglecting the exogenous environment, namely, the entrepreneurial ecosystem and individual drive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11120762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T01:49:58Z","timestamp":1638150598000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Effect of University Missions on Entrepreneurial Initiative across Multiple Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Evidence from Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5198-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Pita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT\u2014Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"GOVCOPP\u2014Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7514-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT\u2014Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"GOVCOPP\u2014Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"INESCTEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Carrizo","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT\u2014Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"GOVCOPP\u2014Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"INESCTEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12359","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12359","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"12","author":"Malecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.01.032","article-title":"The emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A complex adaptive systems approach","volume":"86","author":"Roundy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/sej.1268","article-title":"Toward a process theory of entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"12","author":"Spigel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Strat. Entrep. J."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WEF (2015). Leveraging Entrepreneurial Ambition and Innovation: A Global Perspective on Entrepreneurship, Competitiveness and Development, WEF. Available online: http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEFUSA_EntrepreneurialInnovation_Report.pdf%5Cncontact@weforum.org."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"EC (2013). Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan: Reigniting the Entrepreneurial Spirit in Europe, EC."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-015-9406-y","article-title":"Technology commercialization in entrepreneurial universities: The US and Russian experience","volume":"41","author":"Carayannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242610391939","article-title":"Social capital building and new business formation: A case study in Silicon Valley","volume":"29","author":"Audretsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Small Bus. J. Res. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/0300000030","article-title":"Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT","volume":"7","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Found. Trends\u00ae Entrep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shane, S.A. (2004). Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781843769828"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/05390184030423002","article-title":"Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations","volume":"42","author":"Etzkowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Inf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-010-9171-x","article-title":"The development of an entrepreneurial university","volume":"37","author":"Guerrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0950422216656699","article-title":"Entrepreneurship education and the role of universities in entrepreneurship: Introduction to the special issue","volume":"30","author":"Davey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-004-0228-6","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and regional growth: An evolutionary interpretation","volume":"14","author":"Audretsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Evol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-019-00270-6","article-title":"Entrepreneurial ecosystem elements","volume":"56","author":"Stam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/etap.12167","article-title":"The Relational Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems","volume":"41","author":"Spigel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entrep. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-017-9864-8","article-title":"The lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach","volume":"49","author":"Acs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autio, E., and Levie, J. (2017). Management of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. The Wiley Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118970812.ch19"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"550","article-title":"To bridge or buffer? A resource dependence theory of nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"11","author":"Roundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Entrep. Emerg. Econ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program","volume":"43","author":"Wurth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entrep. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1080\/09654313.2015.1061484","article-title":"Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique","volume":"23","author":"Stam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Plan. Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098015586547","article-title":"The evolutionary dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"53","author":"Mack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"94","article-title":"Dynamic Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: The Micro-Foundations of Regional Entrepreneurship","volume":"28","author":"Roundy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1561\/0300000033","article-title":"The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Its Impact on Entrepreneurship Research","volume":"9","author":"Bosma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Found. Trends\u00ae Entrep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1980-1","article-title":"Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Data Collection Design and Implementation 1998\u20132003","volume":"24","author":"Reynolds","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions and National-Level Entrepreneurial Activity: Seven-Year Panel Study","volume":"14","author":"Levie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Third Glob. Entrep. Res. Conf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12308","article-title":"The Effects of Human Capital Interventions on Entrepreneurial Performance in Industrialized Countries","volume":"33","author":"Hogendoorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Surv."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"582","article-title":"Academic Entrepreneurship: Time for a Rethink?","volume":"26","author":"Siegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Clark, B.R., Pergamon, B.R., and Clarkin, B.C. (1998). Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation, Emerald Publishing Limited."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11115-013-0241-z","article-title":"Designing the Entrepreneurial University: The Interpretation of a Global Idea","volume":"14","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Organ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2014.10.008","article-title":"Economic impact of entrepreneurial universities\u2019 activities: An exploratory study of the United Kingdom","volume":"44","author":"Guerrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/0891242412471973","article-title":"Entrepreneurial Universities: Socioeconomic Impacts of Academic Entrepreneurship in a European Region","volume":"27","author":"Urbano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ. Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.24840\/2183-0606_001.002_0003","article-title":"Letter from Academia Why is the Entrepreneurial University Important? The Need for the Entrepreneurial University","volume":"1","author":"Hannon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2010.12.003","article-title":"The entrepreneurial university: Examining the underlying academic tensions","volume":"31","author":"Philpott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"316","article-title":"Why do academics engage with industry? The entrepreneurial university and individual motivations","volume":"36","author":"Perkmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.11.013","article-title":"The impact of university\u2013industry collaboration networks on innovation in nanobiopharmaceuticals","volume":"80","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"121","article-title":"The Changing Role of the Entrepreneurial University in Developing Countries: The Case of Latvia","volume":"13","author":"Jarohnovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. High. Educ. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-012-9287-2","article-title":"Entrepreneurial universities in two European regions: A case study comparison","volume":"39","author":"Guerrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5367\/ihe.2014.0211","article-title":"The Entrepreneurial University Wave","volume":"28","author":"Etzkowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frondizi, R., Fantauzzi, C., Colasanti, N., and Fiorani, G. (2019). The Evaluation of Universities\u2019 Third Mission and Intellectual Capital: Theoretical Analysis and Application to Italy. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11123455"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2004.03.002","article-title":"The evolution of university\u2013industry\u2013government relationships during transition","volume":"33","author":"Inzelt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00069-4","article-title":"The future of the university and the university of the future: Evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm","volume":"29","author":"Etzkowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2017.03.008","article-title":"University research and knowledge transfer: A dynamic view of ambidexterity in British universities","volume":"46","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Isenberg, D. (2021, June 28). The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Strategy as a New Paradigm for Economic Policy: Principles for Cultivating Entrepreneurships. Babson. Available online: http:\/\/www.innovationamerica.us\/images\/stories\/2011\/The-entrepreneurship-ecosystem-strategy-for-economic-growth-policy-20110620183915.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"220","article-title":"A relational perspective on entrepreneurial ecosystems: The role and sustenance of the entrepreneurship center","volume":"12","author":"Pittz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Enterprising Communities People Places Glob. Econ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dtz037","article-title":"The tortoise, the hare, and the hybrid: Effects of prior employment on the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem","volume":"28","author":"Donegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Corp. Chang."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-020-00316-0","article-title":"Entrepreneurial ecosystems: A dynamic lifecycle model","volume":"57","author":"Cantner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-016-0426-0","article-title":"The Balanced Development of the Spatial Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Based on Principles of the Systems Compromise: A Conceptual Framework","volume":"8","author":"Dubina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.21818\/001c.14184","article-title":"Place-Based Advantages in Entrepreneurship: How Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Coordination Reduces Transaction Costs","volume":"20","author":"Roundy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBAM"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-017-9865-7","article-title":"Looking inside the spiky bits: A critical review and conceptualization of entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"6","article-title":"The big idea: How to start an entrepreneurial revolution","volume":"88","author":"Isenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Mason, C., and Brown, R. (2014). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship, The University of Glasgow."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dtz031","article-title":"New developments in innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"28","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Corp. Chang."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"408","article-title":"Challenges of building entrepreneurial ecosystems in peripheral places","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Entrep. Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2019.e00124","article-title":"Let\u2019s take the entrepreneurial ecosystem metaphor seriously!","volume":"11","author":"Kuckertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ventur. Insights"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pita, M., Costa, J., and Moreira, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Entrepreneurial Initiative: Building a Multi-Country Taxonomy. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13074065"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-005-5029-z","article-title":"Entrepreneurial Universities and Technology Transfer: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Knowledge-Based Economic Development","volume":"31","author":"Bercovitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2003.04.001","article-title":"Regional transformation through technological entrepreneurship","volume":"19","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ventur."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"From Entrepreneurship to Economic Development: Celebrating Ten Years of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor","volume":"29","author":"Acs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Entrep. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-011-9328-5","article-title":"Entrepreneurial activity and regional competitiveness: An introduction to the special issue","volume":"39","author":"Audretsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0950422218815806","article-title":"Challenges to the development of an entrepreneurial university ecosystem: The case of a Finnish university campus","volume":"33","author":"Lahikainen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2008.04.016","article-title":"Universities and regional economic development: The entrepreneurial University of Waterloo","volume":"37","author":"Bramwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.09.005","article-title":"Individual capital and social entrepreneurship: Role of formal institutions","volume":"107","author":"Sahasranamam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"GEM (2021, January 27). GEM Methodology: Definitions. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Available online: https:\/\/www.gemconsortium.org\/wiki\/1154."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"431","article-title":"Entrepreneurial ecosystem conditions and gendered national-level entrepreneurial activity: A 14-year panel study of GEM","volume":"53","author":"Ingram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Hollanders, H., Es-Sadki, N., V\u00e9rtesy, D., and Damioli, G. (2021, June 28). European Innovation Scoreboard 2017-Methodology Report. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Trang, T., Do, Q.H., and Luong, M.H. (2019). Entrepreneurial human capital, role models, and fear of failure and start-up perception of feasibility among adults in Vietnam. Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag., 11.","DOI":"10.1177\/1847979019873269"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1344\/jesb2020.1.j072","article-title":"A dynamic model of entrepreneurial ecosystems evolution","volume":"5","author":"Kantis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evol. Stud. Bus. JESB"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.1635","article-title":"The wisdom of ecosystems: A transactive memory theory of knowledge management in entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"27","author":"Roundy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowl. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2017.08.002","article-title":"The resilience of entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"8","author":"Roundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ventur. Insights"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"238","article-title":"\u201cSmall town\u201d entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Roundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Entrep. Emerg. Econ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.10.011","article-title":"European universities seeking entrepreneurial paths: The moderating effect of contextual variables on the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship","volume":"141","author":"Riviezzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00234","article-title":"Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women\u2019s Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder","volume":"57","author":"Heilman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-04-2018-0248","article-title":"Gender gap in entrepreneurial growth ambition: The role of culturally contingent perceptions of the institutional environment in China","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-006-9017-y","article-title":"Being in Someone Else\u2019s Shoes: The Role of Gender in Nascent Entrepreneurship","volume":"28","author":"Minniti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-01-2020-0031","article-title":"Putting the entrepreneur back into entrepreneurial ecosystems","volume":"26","author":"Lux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Gibb, A., Hofer, A.-R., and Klofsten, M. (2021, June 28). The Entrepreneurial and Innovative Higher Education Institution: A Review of the Concept and its Relevance Today. Brussels. Available online: https:\/\/heinnovate.eu\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Stam, P. (2021, June 28). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Available online: https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/use\/tkiwps\/1613.html."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12065","article-title":"The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hysteresis and Persistence","volume":"53","author":"Fayolle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Manag."}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/11\/12\/762\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:35:49Z","timestamp":1760168149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/11\/12\/762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci11120762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci11120762","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]}}}