{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T22:26:08Z","timestamp":1772835968737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID04045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the widely recognized health benefits of physical activity, participation in regular physical activity falls far short of the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030. More than half of the population does not reach current recommendations, and around one-fourth is not sufficiently active at all. Understanding social-cognitive theories may aid in the creation of interventions to improve long-term physical activity maintenance. The current work covers theory and research on physical activity patterns. It specifically provides an overview of contemporary conceptualizations of motivational and cognitive theories, as well as reviews recent perspectives on how physical activity can be adopted and maintained. Key questions, such as whether physical activity can be executed purely based on cognitive functions, are also addressed. Furthermore, this review identifies possible and effective intervention strategies to promote physical activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13020122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T01:30:30Z","timestamp":1674696630000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Social-Cognitive Theories to Explain Physical Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Morou\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (CiTechcare), 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01001-x","article-title":"Which Behaviour Change Techniques Are Effective to Promote Physical Activity and Reduce Sedentary Behaviour in Adults: A Factorial Randomized Trial of an e- and m-Health Intervention","volume":"17","author":"Poppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2014.941722","article-title":"Theories of Behaviour and Behaviour Change across the Social and Behavioural Sciences: A Scoping Review","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Chambliss, H. (2015). RR Watson: Diet and Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nigg, C., and ACSM (2013). ACSM\u2019s Behavioral Aspects of Physical Activity and Exercise, LWW. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"420","article-title":"O papel dos instrutores de fitness na ades\u00e3o \u00e0 pr\u00e1tica de exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico em Portugal: A import\u00e2ncia dos comportamentos de suporte e dos climas motivacionais","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Motricidade"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2020.1718529","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Self-Determination Theory-Informed Intervention Studies in the Health Domain: Effects on Motivation, Health Behavior, Physical, and Psychological Health","volume":"15","author":"Ntoumanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2018.1535169","article-title":"Physical Activity and Behaviour Change: The Role of Distributed Motivation","volume":"30","author":"Gough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/02763869.2019.1693231","article-title":"Global Health Observatory Data Repository","volume":"39","author":"Vardell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Ref. Serv. Q."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of Physical Inactivity on Major Non-Communicable Diseases Worldwide: An Analysis of Burden of Disease and Life Expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030: More Active People for a Healthier World, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/ncds\/prevention\/physical-activity\/global-action-plan-2018-2030\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2022.2147261","article-title":"Psychology of Physical Activity: A 30-Year Reflection on Correlates, Barriers, and Theory","volume":"21","author":"Biddle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1348\/135910705X52471","article-title":"Using Past Behaviour and Spontaneous Implementation Intentions to Enhance the Utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in Predicting Exercise","volume":"11","author":"Brickell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"157","article-title":"Regular Exercise Improves the Levels of Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem and Body Awareness of Young Adults","volume":"62","author":"Tikac","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13617","article-title":"The Bright and Dark Sides of Motivation as Predictors of Enjoyment, Intention, and Exercise Persistence","volume":"30","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, F., Teixeira, D.S., Neiva, H.P., Cid, L., and Monteiro, D. (2020). Understanding Exercise Adherence: The Predictability of Past Experience and Motivational Determinants. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020098"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The Theory of Planned Behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60411-6","article-title":"Attitudes, Traits, and Actions: Dispositional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social Psychology","volume":"Volume 20","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X08326092","article-title":"A Reasoned Action Approach to Health Promotion","volume":"28","author":"Fishbein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhl, J., and Beckmann, J. (1985). Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Weinberg, R., and Gould, D. (2006). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci, E., and Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, Springer. Perspectives in Social Psychology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","article-title":"The \u201cWhat\u201d and \u201cWhy\u201d of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior","volume":"11","author":"Deci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, R.M., and Deci, E.L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness, The Guilford Press.","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adms.2019.01.001","article-title":"Chapter Four\u2014Brick by Brick: The Origins, Development, and Future of Self-Determination Theory","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Elliot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Motivation Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108","article-title":"Self-Determination Theory in Work Organizations: The State of a Science","volume":"4","author":"Deci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13825","article-title":"Trainer-Exerciser Relationship: The Congruency Effect on Exerciser Psychological Needs Using Response Surface Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-020-09838-2","article-title":"Putting the Pieces Together: Reviewing the Structural Conceptualization of Motivation within SDT","volume":"44","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-020-09831-9","article-title":"A Review and Empirical Comparison of Motivation Scoring Methods: An Application to Self-Determination Theory","volume":"44","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000125","article-title":"Testing a Continuum Structure of Self-Determined Motivation: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"143","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014236","article-title":"Identified versus Introjected Approach and Introjected Avoidance Motivations in School and in Sports: The Limited Benefits of Self-Worth Strivings","volume":"101","author":"Assor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102286","article-title":"The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-4): Psychometric Evidence of Introjected Approach Regulation in Portuguese Health Club Exercisers","volume":"63","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-78","article-title":"Exercise, Physical Activity, and Self-Determination Theory: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02141","article-title":"Can Interpersonal Behavior Influence the Persistence and Adherence to Physical Exercise Practice in Adults? A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2014.912945","article-title":"Autonomous and Controlled Motivational Regulations for Multiple Health-Related Behaviors: Between- and within-Participants Analyses","volume":"2","author":"Hagger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.5.749","article-title":"Perceived Locus of Causality and Internalization: Examining Reasons for Acting in Two Domains","volume":"57","author":"Ryan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012801","article-title":"Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health","volume":"49","author":"Deci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. Psychol.\/Psychol. Can."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.97","article-title":"Differentiating Autonomy from Individualism and Independence: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Internalization of Cultural Orientations and Well-Being","volume":"84","author":"Chirkov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-24","article-title":"Self-Determination Theory in Health Care and Its Relations to Motivational Interviewing: A Few Comments","volume":"9","author":"Deci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032359","article-title":"On Psychological Growth and Vulnerability: Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Need Frustration as a Unifying Principle","volume":"23","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Integr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-014-9450-1","article-title":"Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Need Frustration, and Need Strength across Four Cultures","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2016.1176021","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics of Need Satisfaction and Need Frustration. Two Sides of the Same Coin?","volume":"25","author":"Bidee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101860","article-title":"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective: Definitions, Theory, Practices, and Future Directions","volume":"61","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007084005278","article-title":"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals: Their Structure and Relationship to Well-Being in German and U.S. College Students","volume":"50","author":"Schmuck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.31.2.189","article-title":"Examining Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Exercise Goals: Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Sebire","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203261883","article-title":"The Independent Effects of Goal Contents and Motives on Well-Being: It\u2019s Both What You Pursue and Why You Pursue It","volume":"30","author":"Sheldon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296223006","article-title":"Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals","volume":"22","author":"Kasser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60019-2","article-title":"Toward A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Zanna","year":"1997","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Vallerand, R.J., and Ratelle, C.F. (2002). Handbook of Self-Determination Research, University of Rochester Press."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2011.545366","article-title":"The MPIC Model: The Perspective of the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation","volume":"22","author":"Vallerand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12713","article-title":"The Effects of Training Group Exercise Class Instructors to Adopt a Motivationally Adaptive Communication Style","volume":"27","author":"Ntoumanis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-014-9427-0","article-title":"Predicting the Brighter and Darker Sides of Interpersonal Relationships: Does Psychological Need Thwarting Matter?","volume":"39","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12582","article-title":"The Role of Dark-Side of Motivation and Intention to Continue in Exercise: A Self-Determination Theory Approach","volume":"60","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612447309","article-title":"Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-018-9690-6","article-title":"How Does Frustration Make You Feel? A Motivational Analysis in Exercise Context","volume":"42","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f3818f","article-title":"Exercise Autonomous Motivation Predicts 3-Yr Weight Loss in Women","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2018.1534071","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Techniques to Promote Motivation for Health Behaviour Change from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Gillison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/17.5.512","article-title":"Self-Determination, Smoking, Diet and Health","volume":"17","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-12.1.38","article-title":"The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change","volume":"12","author":"Prochaska","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088437","article-title":"Transtheoretical Therapy: Toward a More Integrative Model of Change","volume":"19","author":"Prochaska","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.3.390","article-title":"Stages and Processes of Self-Change of Smoking: Toward an Integrative Model of Change","volume":"51","author":"Prochaska","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"131","article-title":"Self change processes, self efficacy and decisional balance across five stages of smoking cessation","volume":"156","author":"Prochaska","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.38.4.443","article-title":"Stages of Change","volume":"38","author":"Prochaska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychother. Theory Res. Pract. Train."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.9.1102","article-title":"In Search of How People Change: Applications to Addictive Behaviors","volume":"47","author":"Prochaska","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.11.007","article-title":"Initial Efficacy of MI, TTM Tailoring and HRI\u2019s with Multiple Behaviors for Employee Health Promotion","volume":"46","author":"Prochaska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev. Med."}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/13\/2\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:15:24Z","timestamp":1760120124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/13\/2\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci13020122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13020122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]}}}