{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:12:16Z","timestamp":1773745936295,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of cultural intelligence has been the object of increasing attention from the scientific community due to its importance in a globalized world. To fulfil their mission, higher education institutions need individuals capable of effectively interacting with others who come from different cultural backgrounds. This study analyzes the level of cultural intelligence and its background in a Portuguese engineering higher education institution. This study used a cultural intelligence scale and applied it to a sample of 445 participants. The results show that individuals in this Portuguese institution have an interesting level of awareness of others\u2019 cultural preferences. However, particular attention should be paid to improving the outcome of the cognitive dimension. The results show the potential of international experiences and activities that foster cultural exposure. Consequently, the managers of institutions should make efforts to promote Erasmus programs or similar internships abroad. In addition, they should promote activities that foster multicultural contact, whether extracurricular activities or multicultural clubs or associations, meetings, lectures or classes with appropriate pedagogical methodologies, for example, experiential or collaborative teaching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13060546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T02:05:44Z","timestamp":1685066744000},"page":"546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessing Cultural Intelligence and Its Antecedents in the Portuguese Higher Education Context"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3997-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3304-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice","family":"Font\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-3247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Institute of Marketing Administration\u2014IPAM Porto, 4100-320 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5481-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1274-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1108\/JEA-04-2012-0049","article-title":"The relationship between transformational leadership and cultural intelligence: A study of international school leaders","volume":"51","author":"Keung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Educ. Adm."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Weber, L., and Duderstadt, J. (2008). The Globalization of Higher Education, Economica."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1052562911412587","article-title":"An experiential approach to cultural intelligence education","volume":"36","author":"MacNab","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17509\/jsder.v2i1.12266","article-title":"Educational Challenges in 21st Century and Sustainable Development","volume":"2","author":"Malik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Dev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"P\u00e4rt, L. (2015). Internationalisation of Higher Education, European Parliament\u2019s Committee on Culture and Education. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/STUD\/2015\/540370\/IPOL_STU(2015)540370_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315303260832","article-title":"Internationalization Remodeled: Definition, Approaches, and Rationales","volume":"8","author":"Knight","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Stud. Int. Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"128","article-title":"Internationalization of higher education: Definition and description","volume":"2020","author":"Sharipov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ment. Enlight. Sci. Methodol. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2017.1293872","article-title":"Three waves of international student mobility (1999\u20132020)","volume":"42","author":"Choudaha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-W., Wu, W., Tan, Z.-Y., and Yang, C.-F. (2020). Qualitative Study of the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Macao Students in Mainland China. Educ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci10050128"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, Y., and Thomas, D.C. (2020). Cultural Intelligence in the World of Work: Past, Present, Future, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18171-0"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ang, S., Ng, K.Y., and Rockstuhl, T. (2020). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2008.03.010","article-title":"What leads to cultural intelligence?","volume":"51","author":"Crowne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.09.050","article-title":"Linking personality to cultural intelligence: An interactive effect of openness and agreeableness","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cultural Intelligence Scale with a Military Sample in the Canadian Armed Forces","volume":"7","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Mil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x","article-title":"Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance","volume":"3","author":"Ang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Manag. Organ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2018.04.002","article-title":"Hype or hope? A new look at the research on cultural intelligence","volume":"66","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12118","article-title":"Cultural Intelligence: A Review and New Research Avenues","volume":"20","author":"Ott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhrm.v15i0.869","article-title":"Exploring cultural intelligence truths: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Solomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"SA J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1504\/EJIM.2020.105567","article-title":"Cultural Intelligence, Global Mindset, and Cross-cultural Competencies: A Systematic Review Using Bibliometric Methods","volume":"14","author":"Yari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Int. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400202","article-title":"A quarter century of Culture\u2019s Consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede\u2019s cultural values framework","volume":"37","author":"Kirkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/tie.21826","article-title":"Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient: A Five-Country Study: Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient: A Five-Country Study","volume":"60","author":"Alon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thunderbird Int. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"361","article-title":"Investigation of the Cultural Intelligence Levels of the Turkish University Students at Foreign Language Departments","volume":"4","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11144\/Javeriana.upsy18-2.icpc","article-title":"Intercultural Contact as a Predictor of Cultural Intelligence","volume":"18","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Univ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-019-09615-y","article-title":"How formal and informal intercultural contacts in universities influence students\u2019 cultural intelligence?","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0273475316653337","article-title":"Developing Students\u2019 Cultural Intelligence Through an Experiential Learning Activity: A Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior Interview","volume":"39","author":"Kurpis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mark. Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"440","article-title":"Comprehensive examination on antecedents of cultural intelligence: Case of South Korea","volume":"42","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pers. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2307-0919","article-title":"Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context","volume":"2","author":"Hofstede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Online Read. Psychol. Cult."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ang, S., and Dyne, L.V. (2008). Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, Sharpe."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Earley, P.C., and Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions across Cultures, Stanford University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804766005"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Fang, F., Schei, V., and Selart, M. (2023, May 21). Cultural Intelligence: Review published in Oxford Bibliographies. Available online: https:\/\/www.oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780199846740\/obo-9780199846740-0115.xml?rskey=xOlpYt&result=1&q=31.%09Fang%2C+F.+%26+Schei%2C+V.+%26+Selart%2C+M#firstMatch."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., and Koh, C. (2008). Handbook of Cultural Intelligence. Theory, Measurement and Applications, Sharpe.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452274942.n18"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1057\/omj.2009.20","article-title":"The relationships among social intelligence, emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence","volume":"6","author":"Crowne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organ. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moodian, M.A. (2009). Contemporary Leadership and Intercultural Competence: Exploring the Cross-Cultural Dynamics within Organizations, Sage Publications, Inc.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452274942"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1470595815606741","article-title":"Measuring cultural intelligence (CQ): A new test of the CQ scale","volume":"15","author":"Furrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cross Cult. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2017.1322118","article-title":"Global team members\u2019 performance and the roles of cross-cultural training, cultural intelligence, and contact intensity: The case of global teams in IT offshoring sector","volume":"29","author":"Presbitero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, J., Ko, H., Mesicek, L., and Song, M. (2019). Cultural intelligence as education contents: Exploring the pedagogical aspects of effective functioning in higher education. Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp., 33.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5489"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2021.11.001","article-title":"Organizational CQ: Cultural intelligence for 21st-century organizations","volume":"65","author":"Livermore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"27","article-title":"Cultural Competency Activities: Impact on Student Success","volume":"32","author":"Coleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metrop. Univ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"65","article-title":"Validation of the Persian Cultural Intelligence Scale and Exploring Its Relationship with Gender, Education, Travelling Abroad and Place of Living","volume":"11","author":"Khodadady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. J. Hum. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/02134748.2014.991520","article-title":"Spanish version of the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS)\/Versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de la Escala de Inteligencia Cultural (EIC)","volume":"30","author":"Moyano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Soc. Int. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Validation of the 20-Item Cultural Intelligence Scale in Indian within Country Migrated Students","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Indian Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barzykowski, K., Majda, A., Szkup, M., and Przy\u0142\u0119cki, P. (2019). The Polish version of the Cultural Intelligence Scale: Assessment of its reliability and validity among healthcare professionals and medical faculty students. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1037\/t74818-000"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.Y., and Hong, A.J. (2021). Psychometric Investigation of the Cultural Intelligence Scale Using the Rasch Measurement Model in South Korea. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13063139"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2020.10.002","article-title":"Validation of a German Version of the Cultural Intelligence Scale","volume":"80","author":"Greischel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2021.12.002","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the Cultural Intelligence Scale across three countries","volume":"86","author":"Brancu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.20901\/ms.13.25.5","article-title":"Cultural intelligence: Key intelligence of the 21st Century? Validation of CQS Instrument","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medijske Studije"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7153.201528203","article-title":"Metric Evidences of the Adaptation of the Cultural Intelligence Scale in a Portuguese Sample","volume":"28","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Psicol. Reflex\u00e3o E Cr\u00edtica"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsa.12024","article-title":"Measuring Cultural Intelligence in the Turkish Context","volume":"21","author":"Sahin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sel. Assess."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601105275267","article-title":"Personality Correlates of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence","volume":"31","author":"Ang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Group Organ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, J.-C., Zhang, X.-Y., and Chiu, S.-P. (2020). Assessing the Impact of Cultural Intelligence on Sustainable Career Competitive Advantage for Students in College of Design. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010010"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ece.2020.05.003","article-title":"Cultural intelligence of chemical engineering students: A demographics study","volume":"32","author":"Beneroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.36366\/frontiers.v33i1.497","article-title":"Evaluating an Intensive Program to Increase Cultural Intelligence: A Quasi-Experimental Design","volume":"33","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Interdiscip. J. Study Abroad"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104956","article-title":"How much can our universities do in the development of cultural intelligence? A cross-sectional study among health care students","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1108\/JME-11-2020-0125","article-title":"Are school leaders culturally intelligent? Validation of the cultural intelligence (CQ) scale in the UAE","volume":"16","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Multicult. Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2018.060528","article-title":"The Correlation between Global Citizenship Perceptions and Cultural Intelligence Levels of Teachers","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Univers. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"303","article-title":"Cultural Intelligence of the Jordan Teachers and University Students from the Hashemite University: Comparative Study","volume":"8","author":"Mahasneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contemp. Educ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110105","article-title":"An examination of two major constructs of cross-cultural competence: Cultural intelligence and intercultural competence","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/peps.12142","article-title":"Enhancing Cultural Intelligence: The Roles of Implicit Culture Beliefs and Adjustment","volume":"70","author":"Chao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/13678868.2013.856206","article-title":"The impact of international experience on cultural intelligence: An application of contact theory in a structured short-term programme","volume":"17","author":"Engle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2777-z","article-title":"Do Cultural and Generational Cohorts Matter to Ideologies and Consumer Ethics? A Comparative Study of Australians, Indonesians, and Indonesian Migrants in Australia","volume":"143","author":"Pekerti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ang, S., and Dyne, L.V. (2008). Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, Sharpe, Inc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.21131","article-title":"Previous International Experience, Cross-Cultural Training, and Expatriates\u2019 Cross-Cultural Adjustment: Effects of Cultural Intelligence and Goal Orientation","volume":"23","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Quartterly"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601105275293","article-title":"Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment","volume":"31","author":"Templer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Group Organ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1470595812452633","article-title":"Cultural exposure, emotional intelligence, and cultural intelligence: An exploratory study","volume":"13","author":"Crowne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cross Cult. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, A.M., Leong, F.T.L., and Oswald, F.L. (2012). Conducting Multinational Research: Applying Organizational Psychology in the Workplace, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/13743-000"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2012.0200","article-title":"Going Global: Developing Management Students\u2019 Cultural Intelligence and Global Identity in Culturally Diverse Virtual Teams","volume":"12","author":"Erez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2012.0199","article-title":"From contact to development in experiential cultural intelligence education: The mediating influence of expectancy disconfirmation","volume":"12","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"433","article-title":"Cultural Intelligence and Competencies","volume":"5","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Encycl. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2011.03.007","article-title":"Investigating the impact of personality and early life experiences on intercultural interaction in internationalised universities","volume":"36","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/08975930.2016.1172541","article-title":"Education-Related Factors in Cultural Intelligence Development: A Colombian Study","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Teach. Int. Bus."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Hair, J.F.J., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, Cengage Learning, EMEA. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bar.2018.08.002","article-title":"Are accounting academics culturally intelligent?: An empirical investigation","volume":"51","author":"Tharapos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Account. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601105275253","article-title":"Cultural intelligence in organizations","volume":"31","author":"Triandis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Group Organ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2012.00429.x","article-title":"Sub-Dimensions of the Four Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence: Expanding the Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Intelligence","volume":"6","author":"Dyne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2012.03.001","article-title":"Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment","volume":"36","author":"Lina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"79","article-title":"Doing business in global arena: An examination of the relationship between cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment","volume":"15","author":"Ramalu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"67","article-title":"Cultural intelligence: Concepts and definition statements","volume":"48","author":"Solomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"62","article-title":"Hofstede\u00b4s dimensions in Portugal","volume":"7","author":"Preda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rom. Econ. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Gi\u00e3o, H. (2010). INTED2010 Proceedings, IATED."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairns, D. (2022). The Palgrave Handbook of Youth Mobility and Educational Migration, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99447-1"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the Effect of Erasmus Program on Cultural Intelligence of University Students","volume":"34","author":"Emil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hacet. Univ. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2013.796315","article-title":"Short-term cross-cultural study tours: Impact on cultural intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Wooda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2022.08.009","article-title":"International experience and cultural intelligence development: A longitudinal assessment of Australian and French exchange students","volume":"91","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2005.15993143","article-title":"An Integrative View of International Experience","volume":"48","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1108\/cpoib-05-2019-0036","article-title":"The meaning of international experience for the development of cultural intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Ott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Perspect. Int. Bus."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2010.09.005","article-title":"The relationship between cultural intelligence and performance with the mediating effect of culture shock: A case from Philippine laborers in Taiwan","volume":"35","author":"Chena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cross-cultural training and adjustment through the lens of cultural intelligence and type of expatriates","volume":"44","author":"Kour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Empl. Relat. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Ang, S., and Dyne, L.V. (2008). Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, Sharpe."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.8.4.zqr511","article-title":"From Experience to Experiential Learning: Cultural Intelligence as a Learning Capability for Global Leader Development","volume":"8","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084002","article-title":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cultural Education Training: Cultural Competence and Cultural Intelligence Development among Nursing Students","volume":"18","author":"Majda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"27","article-title":"Designing Instruction to develop Cultural Intelligence (CQ): Reporting on Blended Learning Outcomes at a Japanese University","volume":"13","author":"Roux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-12-2015-0313","article-title":"Factors affecting Cultural Intelligence and its Impact on Job Performance: Role of Cross-cultural Adjustment, Experience and Perceived Social Support","volume":"46","author":"Jyoti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, Z., Carter, R., and Cook, G. (2018). Exploring Intercultural Communication: Language in Action, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315159010"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2011.08.005","article-title":"Cross-cultural training effects on cultural essentialism beliefs and cultural intelligence","volume":"35","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2012.0195","article-title":"A Global Classroom? Evaluating the Effectiveness of Global Virtual Collaboration as a Teaching Tool in Management Education","volume":"12","author":"Taras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Ng, K.-Y., Tan, M.L., Ang, S., Burton, I.A., and Spender, J. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Human Capital, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frawley, J., Russell, G., and Sherwood, J. (2020). Cultural Competence and the Higher Education Sector: Australian Perspectives, Policies and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5362-2"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self-reporting MBA key experience assessment: Evidence from Lincoln University","volume":"33","author":"Tailab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. High. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315309350717","article-title":"Universities\u2019 Responses to Globalisation: The Influence of Organisational Culture","volume":"14","author":"Burnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Stud. Int. Educ."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X12466696","article-title":"Barriers to International Student Mobility: Evidence from the Erasmus Program","volume":"42","author":"Huisman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Res."}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/13\/6\/546\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:42:14Z","timestamp":1760125334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/13\/6\/546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci13060546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13060546","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]}}}