{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:54:11Z","timestamp":1771458851796,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UI\/BD\/151034\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151034\/2021"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04312\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04312\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diversity of students reaching higher education, the skills required of the 21st-century citizen, the Bologna Declaration, and the pressure exerted by international organizations impose a pedagogical reconfiguration of teaching, learning, and assessment through the recognition of the pedagogical dimension as a component of teacher professional development. We present the results of a study conducted at a university in Portugal with the following objectives: identifying conceptions and practices of pedagogical assessment and determining the influence of pedagogical training on these conceptions and practices. An online questionnaire (pre- and post-test) was administered to 31 teachers who had taken part in a training course on pedagogical assessment. It was found that: nearly half of the teachers experience difficulties in pedagogical assessment, with fairness being the main issue; the most commonly used instruments are written tests, research assignments, and reports; around two-thirds of teachers change the way they assess students, with the nature of the curricular units being the most influential factor in this decision; and there has been a change in the concept of assessment, in which the strict idea of testing, measuring, and classifying students\u2019 knowledge has been replaced by the gathering of information for decision-making about the teaching and learning process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13121248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T08:55:29Z","timestamp":1702889729000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pedagogical Assessment in Higher Education: The Importance of Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1749-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Fialho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Education and Psychology, University of \u00c9vora, 7000 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6009-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Education and Psychology, University of \u00c9vora, 7000 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6734-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Coppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Education and Psychology, University of \u00c9vora, 7000 Evora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Almeida, L., Gon\u00e7alves, S., `do Ramos, \u00d3.J., Rebola, F., Soares, S., and Vieira, F. (2022). Inova\u00e7\u00e3o Pedag\u00f3gica no Ensino Superior. Cen\u00e1rios e Caminhos de Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o, Ag\u00eancia de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e Acredita\u00e7\u00e3o do Ensino Superior."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2023, August 22). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament. The Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a Renewed EU Agenda for Higher Education. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=COM:2017:247:FIN."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cid, M., Rajadell-Puiggr\u00f2s, N., and Santos Costa, G. (2020). Ensinar, Avaliar e Aprender no Ensino Superior: Perspetivas Internacionais, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Psicologia\u2014Universidade de \u00c9vora."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fernandes, D., Borralho, A., Barreira, C., Monteiro, A., Catani, D., Cunha, E., and Alves, M.P. (2014). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o, Ensino e Aprendizagem no Ensino Superior em Portugal e no Brasil: Realidades e Perspetivas, Educa\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nobre, A., Mouraz, A., and Duarte, M. (2021). Portas que o Digital Abriu na Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Aberta."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pereira, F.S., and Leite, C. (2020). O Processo de Bolonha Na Sua Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Com a Agenda Da Qualidade\u2014Uma An\u00e1lise Focada No Perfil Dos Docentes Que Asseguram Os Cursos de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica. TMQ\u2013Tech. Methodol. Qual. N\u00famero Espec.\u2013Process. Bolonha, 135\u2013150."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Pedag\u00f3gica e Desenvolvimento Profissional No Ensino Superior: Perspetivas de Docentes","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sursock, A. (2015). Trends 2015: Learning and Teaching in European Universities, European University Association."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bunescu, L., and Gaebel, M. (2018). National Initiatives in Learning and Teaching in Europe\u2014A Report from the European Forum for Enhanced Collaboration in Teaching (EFFECT) Project, European University Association."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Gaebel, M., and Zhang, T. (2018). Trends 2018 Learning and Teaching in the European Higher Education Area, European University Association."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"A3ES (2022). Manual de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Institucional Do Ensino Superior 2022, Ag\u00eancia de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e Acredita\u00e7\u00e3o do Ensino Superior."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e1962","article-title":"Sentidos Pedag\u00f3gicos Do Processo de Bolonha\u2014Uma An\u00e1lise a Partir Dedocumentos de Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Do Espa\u00e7o Europeu de Ensino Superior","volume":"23","author":"Xavier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr\u00edculo Front."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brown, S., and Glasner, A. (2003). Evaluar en la Universidad\u2014Problemas y Nuevos Enfoques, Narcea."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fernandes, D., Borralho, A., Barreira, C., Monteiro, A., Catani, D., Cunha, E., and Alves, M.P. (2014). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o, Ensino e Aprendizagem no Ensino Superior em Portugal e no Brasil: Realidades e Perspetivas, Educa\u2013Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Cid, M., Rajadell-Puiggr\u00f2s, N., and Santos Costa, G. (2020). Ensinar, Avaliar e Aprender no Ensino Superior: Perspetivas Internacionais, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Psicologia da Universidade de \u00c9vora."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fialho, I., and Salgueiro, H. (2011). TurmaMais e Sucesso Escolar\u2014Contributos Te\u00f3ricos e Pr\u00e1ticos, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Psicologia da Universidade de \u00c9vora."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortig\u00e3o, M.I.R., Fernandes, D., Pereira, T.V., and Santos, L. (2019). Avaliar para Aprender no Brasil e em Portugal: Perspectivas Te\u00f3ricas, Pr\u00e1ticas e de Desenvolvimento, Editora CRV.","DOI":"10.24824\/978854443463.5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortig\u00e3o, M.I., Fernandes, D., Pereira, T., and Santos, L. (2019). Avaliar para Aprender no Brasil e em Portugal: Perspectivas Te\u00f3ricas, Pr\u00e1ticas e de Desenvolvimento, Editora CRV.","DOI":"10.24824\/978854443463.5"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Brookhart, S.M. (2008). How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, ASCD."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Fernandes, D. (2021). Diversifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos Processos de Recolha de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o (Fundamentos), Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-4060.41488","article-title":"Pr\u00e1ticas de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Dois Professores Universit\u00e1rios: Pesquisa Utilizando Observa\u00e7\u00f5es e Narrativas Das Atividades Das Aulas","volume":"1","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M.E., and Gardner, M. (2017). Efective Teacher Professional Development, Learning Police Institute.","DOI":"10.54300\/122.311"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Santos, J.R., and Henriques, S. (2021). Inqu\u00e9rito por Question\u00e1rio [em Linha]: Contributos de Conce\u00e7\u00e3o e Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o em Contextos Educativos, Universidade Aberta."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kemmis, S., and McTaggart, R. (1992). Como Planificar la Investigacion-Accion, Editorial Laertes."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education, Routledge Publishers. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203029053"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ghiglione, R., and Matalon, B. (1992). O Inqu\u00e9rito\u2014Teoria e Pr\u00e1tica, Celta Editora."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hill, M.M., and Hill, A. (2005). Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Por Question\u00e1rio, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es S\u00edlabo."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bardin, L. (1977). An\u00e1lise de Conte\u00fado, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Depresbiteris, L., and Tavares, M.R. (2009). Diversificar \u00e9 Preciso...: Instrumentos e T\u00e9cnicas de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Aprendizagem, Senac S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Fernandes, D. (2021). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Pedag\u00f3gica, Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Notas: Perspetivas Contempor\u00e2neas. Folha de Apoio \u00e0 Forma\u00e7\u00e3o-Projeto de Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o, Acompanhamento e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Pedag\u00f3gica (MAIA)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brookhart, S.M., and McMillan, J.H. (2020). Classroom Assessment and Educational Measurement, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429507533"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Popham, W.J. (2017). Classroom Assessment: What Teachers Need to Know, Pearson. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3992.2001.tb00065.x","article-title":"The Unfulfilled Promise of Classroom Assessment","volume":"20","author":"Stiggins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educ. Meas. Issues Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2019.05.003","article-title":"Teacher Assessment Literacy: A Three-Dimensional Model","volume":"84","author":"Pastore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/08878730.2011.605048","article-title":"Assessment Literacy Overlooked: A Teacher Educator\u2019s Confession","volume":"46","author":"Popham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"826","article-title":"Estrat\u00e9gias Para a Coleta de Evid\u00eancias de Validade de Avalia\u00e7\u00f5es de Sala de Aula","volume":"14","author":"Coppi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meta Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Fernandes, D. (2021). Para Uma Fundamenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Melhoria Das Pr\u00e1ticas de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Pedag\u00f3gica."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Russel, M.K., and Airasian, P.W. (2014). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Em Sala de Aula: Conceitos e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, AMGH. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143356","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1143356","article-title":"Grounding and Improving Assessment in Higher Education: A Way of Promoting Quality Education","volume":"8","author":"Fialho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/08878730.2012.760024","article-title":"Pedagogies for Preservice Assessment Education: Supporting Teacher Candidates\u2019 Assessment Literacy Development","volume":"48","author":"DeLuca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2307\/20466661","article-title":"Exploring Teacher Candidates\u2019 Assessment Literacy: Implications for Teacher Education Reform and Professional Development","volume":"30","author":"Volante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"107","article-title":"Evaluating the Impact of an Assessment Course on Preservice Teachers\u2019 Classroom Assessment Literacy and Self-Efficacy","volume":"32","author":"Kruse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mid-West. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"3","article-title":"Preparing Teachers for Assessment within Diverse Classrooms: An Analysis of Teacher Candidates\u2019 Conceptualizations","volume":"41","author":"DeLuca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Teach. Educ. Q."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/03055698.2015.1007926","article-title":"\u201cAssessing without Levels\u201d: Preliminary Research on Assessment Literacy in One Primary School","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"83","article-title":"Moral Aspects of Grading: A Study of High School English Teachers\u2019 Perceptions","volume":"35","author":"Zoeckler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Second. Educ."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"AERA, APA, and NCME (2014). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, American Educational Research Association."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Herman, J., and Cook, L. (2020). Classroom Assessment and Educational Measurement, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Fernandes, D., Borralho, A., Barreira, C., Monteiro, A., Catani, D., Cunha, E., and Alves, M.P. (2014). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o, Ensino e Aprendizagem no Ensino Superior em Portugal e no Brasil: Realidades e Perspetivas, Educa\u2013Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.24109\/emaberto.v33i108.4301","article-title":"Instrumentos Para Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Formativa Da Alfabetiza\u00e7\u00e3o: Princ\u00edpios Conceituais e Metodol\u00f3gicos","volume":"33","author":"Sperrhake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Em Aberto"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Fernandes, D. (2005). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Das Aprendizagens: Desafios \u00c0s Teorias, Pr\u00e1ticas e Pol\u00edticas, Texto Editores."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Anderson, L.W., Krathwohl, D.R., Airasian, P.W., Cruikshank, K.A., Mayer, R.E., Pintrich, P.R., RATHS, J., and Wittrock, M.C. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing: A Revison of Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Addison Wesley Longman."}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/13\/12\/1248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:53Z","timestamp":1760132453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/13\/12\/1248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci13121248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13121248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]}}}