{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T15:00:27Z","timestamp":1777820427423,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04107\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04107\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrated STEM education (iSTEM) has attracted attention due to its potentialities regarding students\u2019 learning and intentions to pursue STEM-related careers. However, although increasingly popular, iSTEM remains challenging and elusive, particularly from teachers\u2019 perspective. This scenario became even more complex with the inclusion of \u201cA\u201d, from the Arts. Considering that the quality of teachers is decisive in the success of integrated STEAM education (iSTEAM), it is essential to provide teachers with opportunities to develop their Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) for iSTEAM. In this work, the aim was to understand the effect of teacher professional development (TPD) within iSTEAM on the development of Physics teachers\u2019 PCK related to the topic of \u201cElectrical circuits with associations in series and parallel\u201d. This study followed a pre-test\/post-test design with a single group, which facilitates the subsequent comparison of participants\u2019 reported PCK before and after their involvement in the TPD. The results showed that the TPD had a favorable impact on teachers\u2019 PCK. The results of this study also contribute to defining a specific PCK for STEAM (STEAM-PCK).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14020164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T03:28:29Z","timestamp":1707103709000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Teacher Professional Development in Integrated STEAM Education: A Study on Its Contribution to the Development of the PCK of Physics Teachers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1609-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, Y., and Yeh, Y. (2019). Asia-Pacific STEM Teaching Practices, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0768-7"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"STEM, STEM Education, STEMmania","volume":"68","author":"Sanders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Technol. Teach."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"209","article-title":"The trouble with STEAM and Why We Use It Anyway","volume":"105","author":"Mejias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilera, D., and Ortiz-Revilla, J. (2021). STEM vs. STEAM Education and Student Creativity: A Systematic Literature Review. Educ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11070331"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-016-9602-z","article-title":"\u201cFinding the Joy in the Unknown:\u201d Implementation of STEAM Teaching Practices in Middle School Science and Math Classrooms","volume":"25","author":"Quigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4","article-title":"Don\u2019t Run Out Of STEAM! Barriers to a Transdisciplinary Learning Approach","volume":"56","author":"Caton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. STEM Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"318","article-title":"A proposed integrated STEM framework for contemporary teacher preparation","volume":"28","author":"Burrows","year":"2015","journal-title":"Teach. Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Honey, M., Pearson, G., and Schweingruber, A. (2014). STEM Integration in K-12 Education: Status, Prospects, and an Agenda for Research, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-018-0151-2","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 perception of STEM integration and education: A systematic literature review","volume":"6","author":"Margot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. STEM Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/1046560X.2017.1356671","article-title":"The evolution of teacher conceptions of STEM education throughout an intensive professional development experience","volume":"28","author":"Ring","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1949-8594.2011.00112.x","article-title":"Is Adding the E Enough? Investigating the Impact of K-12 Engineering Standards on the Implementation of STEM Integration","volume":"112","author":"Roehring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sch. Sci. Math."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10763-015-9709-3","article-title":"Analysis of Korean Elementary Pre-Service Teachers\u2019 Changing Attitudes about Integrated STEAM Pedagogy through Developing Lesson Plans","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Math. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/1046560X.2022.2112552","article-title":"A Learning Experience Design Approach to Online Professional Development for Teaching Science through the Arts: Evaluation of Teacher Content Knowledge, Self-Efficacy and STEAM Perceptions","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-020-00207-6","article-title":"Research and Trends in STEM Education: A Systematic Review of Journal Publications","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. STEM Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2013.11.005","article-title":"A Common Measurement System for K-12 STEM education: Adopting an educational evaluation methodology that elevates theoretical foundations and systems thinking","volume":"40","author":"Saxton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud. Educ. Eval."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"313","article-title":"Dimensions of Effective STEM Integrated Teaching Practice","volume":"4","author":"Srikoom","year":"2018","journal-title":"K-12 STEM Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66659-4_5","article-title":"Designing for Collaborative Problem Solving in STEM Cyberlearning","volume":"Volume 24","author":"Dori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition, Metacognition, and Culture in STEM Education"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/83676","article-title":"The Effect of Integrative STEM Instruction on Elementary Students\u2019 Attitudes toward Science","volume":"14","author":"Toma","year":"2018","journal-title":"EURASIA J. Math. Sci. Tech. Ed."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Trilling, B., and Fadel, C. (2009). 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Camarero, R., Ortiz-Revilla, J., and Greca, I.M. (2023). The Impact of Integrated STEAM Education on Arts Education: A Systematic Review. Educ. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13111139"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Exploring the exemplary STEAM education in the US as a practical educational framework for Korea","volume":"32","author":"Yakman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-020-09885-x","article-title":"The effect of a pedagogical STEAM model on students\u2019 project competence and learning motivation","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1080\/02103702.2021.1925473","article-title":"Effects of an integrated STEAM approach on the development of competence in primary education students (Efectos de una propuesta STEAM integrada en el desarrollo competencial del alumnado de Educaci\u00f3n Primaria)","volume":"44","author":"Greca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stud. Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-020-00131-9","article-title":"A Framework for Epistemological Discussion on Integrated STEM Education","volume":"29","author":"Greca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2307\/1175860","article-title":"Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching","volume":"15","author":"Shulman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"147","article-title":"Assessment and Measurement of Pedagogical Content Knowledge","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Lederman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Grossman, P. (1990). The Making of a Teacher, Teachers College Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"95","article-title":"Nature, sources, and development of pedagogical content knowledge for science teaching","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Lederman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, A., Friedrichsen, P., and Loughran, J. (2015). Re-Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Education, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315735665"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hume, A., Cooper, R., and Borowski, A. (2019). Repositioning Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Teachers\u2019 Knowledge for Teaching Science, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-5898-2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hume, A., Cooper, R., and Borowski, A. (2019). Repositioning Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Teachers\u2019 Knowledge for Teaching Science, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-5898-2"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pedagogical Content Knowledge: An Introduction and Orientation","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Lederman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hume, A., Cooper, R., and Borowski, A. (2019). Repositioning Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Teachers\u2019 Knowledge for Teaching Science, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-5898-2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hume, A., Cooper, R., and Borowski, A. (2019). Repositioning Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Teachers\u2019 Knowledge for Teaching Science, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-5898-2"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"113","article-title":"Improving PCK of Chemical Equilibrium in Pre-service Teachers","volume":"17","author":"Mavhunga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Res. Math."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hume, A., Cooper, R., and Borowski, A. (2019). Repositioning Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Teachers\u2019 Knowledge for Teaching Science, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-5898-2"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069930150605","article-title":"Transforming subject-matter knowledge: The role of pedagogical content knowledge in learning to reflect on teaching","volume":"15","author":"Geddis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boice, K.L., Jackson, J.R., Alemdar, M., Rao, A.E., Grossman, S., and Usselman, M. (2021). Supporting Teachers on Their STEAM Journey: A Collaborative STEAM Teacher Training Program. Educ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11030105"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1080\/02103702.2021.1926164","article-title":"Changing teachers\u2019 self-efficacy, beliefs and practices through STEAM teacher professional development (Cambios en la autoeficacia, creencias y pr\u00e1cticas docentes en la formaci\u00f3n STEAM de profesorado)","volume":"44","author":"Quesada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stud. Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2012.667014","article-title":"Teacher STEM Perception and Preparation: Inquiry-Based STEM Professional Development for Elementary Teachers","volume":"106","author":"Nadelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"25","article-title":"The COACTIV Model of Teachers\u2019 Professional Competence","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Kunter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognitive Activation in the Mathematics Classroom and Professional Competence of Teachers"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-018-0400-7","article-title":"Teacher professional development for science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education: A review from the perspectives of technological pedagogical content (TPACK)","volume":"28","author":"Chai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. Edu. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M.E., and Gardner, M. (2017). Effective Teacher Professional Development, Learning Policy Institute.","DOI":"10.54300\/122.311"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. (2002). Educational Research. Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Pearson Education. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20007","article-title":"In search of pedagogical content knowledge in science: Developing ways of articulating and documenting professional practice","volume":"41","author":"Loughran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Res. Sci. Teach."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/03057260903142285","article-title":"Pedagogical content knowledge in science education: Perspectives and potential for progress","volume":"45","author":"Kind","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stud. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"52","article-title":"Getting to the CoRe of it: A review of a specific PCK conceptual lens in science educational research","volume":"27","author":"Lehane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Quim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-018-9718-7","article-title":"A Comparison Between Reported and Enacted Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) About Graphs of Motion","volume":"50","author":"Mazibe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RP00125G","article-title":"Canonical pedagogical content knowledge by CoRes for teaching acid\u2013base chemistry at high school","volume":"16","author":"Alvarado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Educ. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Mazibe, E.N. (2017). Teaching Graphs of Motion: Translating Pedagogical Content Knowledge into Practice. [Master\u2019s Dissertation, University of Pretoria]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-009-9163-8","article-title":"Is Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Necessary for Reformed Science Teaching?: Evidence from an Empirical Study","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Eilks, I., and Ralle, B. (2006). Towards Research-Based Science Teacher Education. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Chemical and Science Education, Shaker Verlag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RP00105B","article-title":"Examination of the topic-specific nature of pedagogical content knowledge in teaching electrochemical cells and nuclear reactions","volume":"15","author":"Aydin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Educ. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X033008003","article-title":"Professional Development and Teacher Learning: Mapping the Terrain","volume":"33","author":"Borko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loughran, J., Berry, A., and Mulhall, P. (2006). Understanding and Developing Science Teachers\u2019 Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Sense Publishers. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1163\/9789087903657"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2016.1173994","article-title":"Adaptive Teaching in STEM: Characteristics for Effectiveness","volume":"55","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theory Pract."}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/14\/2\/164\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:55:03Z","timestamp":1760104503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/14\/2\/164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci14020164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14020164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]}}}