{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:34:31Z","timestamp":1760060071600,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Music Studies","award":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Research and Technology)","award":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"]}]},{"name":"NOVA FCSH","award":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EAT-00693\/2013","PD\/BD\/114489\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on children\u2019s singing development is extensive. Different ages, approaches, and variables have been taken into consideration. However, research on singing with text or a neutral syllable is scarce, and findings are inconclusive. This study investigated the influence of singing with text and a neutral syllable on children\u2019s vocal performance. Children aged 4 to 9 (n = 135) participated in two periods of instruction and assessment. In Period One, Song 1 was taught with text and Song 2 with a neutral syllable, and in Period Two, the text was added to Song 2. In each period, children were individually audio-recorded singing both songs. Three independent raters scored the songs\u2019 vocal performances using two researcher-designed rating scales, one for each song, which included the assessment of tonal and rhythm dimensions. Before data analysis, the validity and reliability of the rating scales used to assess vocal performance were examined and assured. The results revealed that 4-, 5-, and 7-year-olds sang Song 1 significantly better in Period One, and 4- and 5-year-olds sang Song 1 significantly better in Period Two. Thus, singing with text seems to favour younger children\u2019s vocal performance. Findings also revealed that girls scored significantly higher than boys for Song 1 in both periods, but not for Song 2 in Period One. The implications of incorporating songs with text and neutral syllables into music programs, as well as the instruments used to assess vocal performances, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15080984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:58:26Z","timestamp":1754564306000},"page":"984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of Teaching Songs with Text and a Neutral Syllable on 4-to-9-Year-Old Portuguese Children\u2019s Vocal Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4218-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musicology, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (FCSH), Centre for Music Studies (CESEM), NOVA University of Lisbon, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musicology, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (FCSH), Centre for Music Studies (CESEM), NOVA University of Lisbon, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2307\/3345277","article-title":"Effects of melodic instruction on discrimination accuracy of children","volume":"32","author":"Apfelstadt","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Music Education"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"A comparison of home musical environment and musical aptitude in kindergarten students","volume":"11","author":"Atterbury","year":"1993","journal-title":"Update: Applications of Research in Music Education"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Boyle, J. 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