{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:35:30Z","timestamp":1778182530332,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/00194\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00194\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Education Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of governance has gained increasing attention across various fields of study. However, its application within the specific context of educational policies, particularly within compulsory public education, remains fragmented and underexplored. To answer the questions \u201cHow is governance conceptualized in the context of the compulsory public education system?\u201d and \u201cWhat contributions to future research emerge from this review?\u201d, 32 peer-reviewed articles published in open-access journals between 2019 and 2023 were extracted from the Web of Science, Scopus, and ERIC databases and selected following PRISMA guidelines. Results from this systematic literature review analysis suggest a sustained yet moderate interest in the field, as evidenced by the reviewed publications, different theoretical and conceptual approaches, and research themes that illustrate different aspects of educational systems. Research gaps include the lack of a consolidated and integrated theoretical\u2013conceptual framework on educational governance; the under-representation of specific actors, contexts, and points of view about how educational policies intentions are interpreted and enacted; insufficient critical analyses of, among others, educational leadership, digital transformation, and non-state actors\u2019 influence in educational governance; and limited discussion of governance\u2019s effects on educational justice, equity and quality. The main limitations relate to geographic, linguistic, and cultural biases of the analyzed studies, the exclusion of non-open-access articles, and the predominance of qualitative methodological approaches, which restrict generalizability. To address these challenges, future research should follow the adoption of interdisciplinary approaches, longitudinal and context-sensitive studies, and the use of mixed methodologies. These findings could contribute to a more informed discussion, avoiding reductionist interpretations and more open and critical perspectives on how educational governance transcends organizational and technical structures by incorporating political, ethical, and contextual dimensions that challenge the quality of educational systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15081048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T14:24:28Z","timestamp":1755267868000},"page":"1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mapping Problems and Approaches in Educational Governance: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, Research Center on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Neto-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, Research Center on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1742-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariline","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, School of Education of Viseu, Polytechnical Institute of Viseu, 3504-501 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Education, Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Industry, science education, and teacher agency: A discourse analysis of teachers\u2019 evaluations of industry-produced teaching resources","volume":"105","author":"Hansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.14507\/epaa.27.4293","article-title":"Education governance and privatization in Portugal: Media coverage on public and private education","volume":"27","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Education Policy Analysis Archives"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ball, S. J. (2008). The education debate: Policy and politics in the twenty-first century, Policy Press. Available online: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policy-press-scholarship-online\/book\/23129."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"37","article-title":"Performatividades e Fabrica\u00e7\u00f5es na Economia Educacional: Rumo a uma sociedade performativa","volume":"35","author":"Ball","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educa\u00e7\u00e3o & Realidade"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, S. J. (2012). Global education inc.: New policy networks and the neo-liberal imaginary, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203803301"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/02680939.2015.1013271","article-title":"Education, governance and the tyranny of numbers","volume":"30","author":"Ball","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Education Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, S. J. (2016). Following policy: Networks, network ethnography and education policy mobilities. Journal of Educational Policy, 549\u2013566.","DOI":"10.1080\/02680939.2015.1122232"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, S. J., Maguire, M., and Braun, A. (2012). How schools do policy: Policy enactments in secondary schools, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203153185"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevir, M. (2011). Governance as theory, practice, and dilemma. The SAGE Handbook of Governance, SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446200964"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevir, M. (2012). Governance: A very short introduction, OUP Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780199606412.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Bevir, M. (2013). A theory of governance, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"913","article-title":"Discourses of international actors in the construction of the decentralisation policy: The case of Benin","volume":"44","author":"Bulgrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discourse"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1080\/03057925.2022.2149238","article-title":"The importance of trust in education decentralisation in West Africa","volume":"54","author":"Bulgrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12134","article-title":"A guide to writing a qualitative systematic review protocol to enhance evidence-based practice in nursing and health care","volume":"13","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e241711","article-title":"Heterarchization of the state and the expanding boundaries of education privatization in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"41","author":"Avelar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educacao e Sociedade"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5539\/ass.v9n5p18","article-title":"A comparison between two main academic literature collections: Web of Science and Scopus databases","volume":"9","author":"Chadegani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Social Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.18820\/2519593X\/pie.v39.i1.4","article-title":"Educational continuity during the pandemic: Challenges to pedagogical management in segregated Chilean schools","volume":"39","author":"Lizama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspectives in Education"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.11923","article-title":"Stages for undertaking a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Donato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/17577438231218374","article-title":"Constructed educational inequality, philanthropy, and power relations in educational public\u2013private partnerships in South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Gamedze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Power and Education"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2304\/eerj.2011.10.4.611","article-title":"Policy as assemblage","volume":"10","author":"Gorur","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02680939.2020.1792554","article-title":"Place-based governance and leadership in decentralised school systems: Evidence from England","volume":"37","author":"Greany","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Education Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/0263775818813144","article-title":"Emerging data infrastructures and the new topologies of education policy","volume":"37","author":"Gulson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environment and Planning D: Society and Space"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gunter, H. M., Hall, D., and Mills, C. (2014). Education policy research: Design and practice at a time of rapid reform, Bloomsbury Academic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10833-021-09439-x","article-title":"Is more autonomy better? How school actors perceive school autonomy and effectiveness in context","volume":"24","author":"Hashim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Change"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2451.00107","article-title":"The rise of governance and the risks of failure: The case of economic development","volume":"50","author":"Jessop","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Social Science Journal"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Jessop, B. (2002). The future of the capitalist state, Polity Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevir, M. (2011). Metagovernance. The SAGE handbook of governance, SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446200964"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joo, Y. H., and Halx, M. D. (2022). The subtle power of global governance and its ongoing influence on korean education policy. SAGE Open, 12, (1).","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440211069377"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/1478210319873767","article-title":"Revisiting the governance narrative: The dynamics of developing national educational assessment policy in South Korea","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Policy Futures in Education"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/14782103231192741","article-title":"The influence of the Programme for International Student Assessment on educational governance situated in the institutional setting of South Korea","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Policy Futures in Education"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kooiman, J. (2003). Governing as governance, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446215012"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/1741143220953585","article-title":"Governing roles? Integrating philanthropic foundations with governance boards in German educational collaborative networks","volume":"50","author":"Koranyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educational Management Administration and Leadership"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi-Faur, D. (2012). The Oxford handbook of governance, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199560530.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10833-018-9335-2","article-title":"Developing policy instruments: The transformation of an educational policy intervention","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Change"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, G. T. L., and Harris, L. R. (2017). National testing from an Australian perspective. Handbook of human and social conditions in assessment, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315749136"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1474904120972291","article-title":"Digital technologies in policy assemblages in Ireland and Norway: A visual network analysis","volume":"20","author":"Lunde","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/17457823.2019.1689518","article-title":"The value of poverty: An ethnographic study of a school\u2013community partnership","volume":"15","author":"Lunneblad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethnography and Education"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"VET system governance: A systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Mende","year":"2023","journal-title":"CES Working Paper Series"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/14749041211022198","article-title":"Governing education in times of crisis: State interventions and school accountabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Milner","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Heinrich, C., and Lynn, L. (2000). How networks are governed. Governance and performance: New perspectives, Georgetown University Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25159\/1947-9417\/7994","article-title":"School governance and social justice in South Africa: A review of research from 1996 to 2016","volume":"24","author":"Moorosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Education as Change"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"302","article-title":"Big ideas, soft governance: Managing large-scale school improvement at the national agency level in Sweden","volume":"38","author":"Nordholm","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Management"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.51341\/1984-3925_2021v24n3a10","article-title":"Governance assessment of Basic education in Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contabilidade Gest\u00e3o e Governan\u00e7a"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/02680930902733121","article-title":"Governing education through data in England: From regulation to self-evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Ozga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Education Policy"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"220","article-title":"Policy pressure on partnerships: Intentions, expectations and legitimisation of Norwegian educational reform policy","volume":"56","author":"Gunnulfsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Administration and History"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., and Moher, D. (2021a). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, (71).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021b","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peruzzo, F., Ball, S. J., and Grimaldi, E. (2022). Peopling the crowded education state: Heterarchical spaces, EdTech markets and new modes of governing during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research, 114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2022.102006"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11092-021-09363-x","article-title":"Numbers and their contexts: How quantified actors narrate numbers and decontextualization","volume":"33","author":"Piattoeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierre, J. (2000). Debating governance: Authority, steering, and democracy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198295143.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.23924\/oi.v9i15.278","article-title":"Modelo can\u00f3nico, problemas fundamentales y gobernanza urbana","volume":"9","author":"Porras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista de Filosof\u00eda Open Insight"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/1757743818816712","article-title":"Power, influence, and policy in Arizona\u2019s education market: \u201cWe\u2019ve got to out-charter the charters\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Potterton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Power and Education"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranckut\u0117, R. (2021). Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The titans of bibliographic information in today\u2019s academic world. Publications, 9, (1).","DOI":"10.3390\/publications9010012"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mum015","article-title":"Modes of network governance: Structure, management, and effectiveness","volume":"18","author":"Provan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x","article-title":"The new governance: Governing without government","volume":"44","author":"Rhodes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Political Studies"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Pierre, J. (2000). Governance and Public Administration. Debating governance: Authority, steering, and democracy, Oxford University Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/246335680."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840607076586","article-title":"Understanding governance: Ten years on","volume":"28","author":"Rhodes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Organization Studies"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1474904119868378","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 autonomy deconstructed: Irish and Finnish teachers\u2019 perceptions of decision-making and control","volume":"19","author":"Salokangas","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital leap in the New Mexican School since the pandemic lockdown: Challenges for governance and pedagogical processes","volume":"31","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education Policy Analysis Archives"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/21622671.2018.1559760","article-title":"What is policy assemblage?","volume":"8","author":"Savage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Territory, Politics, Governance"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed, Y., Motala, S., Carel, D., and Ahmed, R. (2020). School governance and funding policy in South Africa: Towards social justice and equity in education policy. South African Journal of Education, 40, (4).","DOI":"10.15700\/saje.v40n4a2045"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40647-018-0236-9","article-title":"Defining, explaining and, then, exploiting the elusive concept of \u201cgovernance\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Schmitter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/1741143217751079","article-title":"Emerging schooling landscapes in England: How primary system leaders are responding to new school groupings","volume":"47","author":"Simkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educational Management Administration & Leadership"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9299.2009.01753.x","article-title":"Making governance networks effective and democratic through metagovernance","volume":"87","author":"Torfing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Administration"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"197","article-title":"Network governance and post-liberal democracy","volume":"27","author":"Torfing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Administrative Theory & Praxis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00313831.2020.1788153","article-title":"Just a buzzword? The use of concepts and ideas in educational governance","volume":"66","author":"Stenersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2451.00106","article-title":"Governance as theory: Five propositions","volume":"50","author":"Stoker","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Social Science Journal"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-021-09704-x","article-title":"Towards network governance: Educational reforms and governance changes in China (1985\u20132020)","volume":"23","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Education Review"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"553","article-title":"O consenso por filantropia. Como uma funda\u00e7\u00e3o privada estabeleceu a BNCC no Brasil","volume":"20","author":"Tarlau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curriculo Sem Fronteiras"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"UNESCO (2008). Overcoming inequality: Why governance matters. EFA global monitoring report 2009, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2014.903658","article-title":"Governing cross-sector, inter-organizational collaborations","volume":"17","author":"Vangen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Management Review"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"248","article-title":"Reforming governance through policy instruments: How and to what extent standards, tests and accountability in education spread worldwide","volume":"40","author":"Verger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Verger, A., Fontdevila, C., and Zancajo, A. (2016). The privatization of education: A political economy of global education reform, Teachers College Press."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14516\/fde.818","article-title":"Policy networks, philanthropy, and education governance in Portugal: The raise of intermediary actors","volume":"19","author":"Viseu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foro de Educacion"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/02680939.2015.1035758","article-title":"Digital education governance: Data visualization, predictive analytics, and \u2018real-time\u2019 policy instruments","volume":"31","author":"Williamson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Education Policy"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"253","article-title":"Policy capacity matters for education system reforms: A comparative study of two Brazilian states","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawacki-Richter, O., Kerres, M., Bedenlier, S., Bond, M., and Buntins, K. (2020). Systematic reviews in educational research, Springer VS Wiesbaden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-27602-7"}],"container-title":["Education Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/15\/8\/1048\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:28:34Z","timestamp":1760034514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7102\/15\/8\/1048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["educsci15081048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci15081048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]}}}