{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:56:05Z","timestamp":1768208165858,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Therapeutic exercise seems to minimize musculoskeletal risk factors related to swimmer\u2019s shoulder. However, there is an absence of a qualitative evaluation of these programs and a great variability regarding the characteristics of exercises. The objective of this review was to identify, evaluate, and compare exercise programs used to minimize musculoskeletal risk factors related to swimmer\u2019s shoulder. Methods: PubMed, CochraneLibrary, ScienceDirect, and Medscape were searched during January 2022. The research was limited to meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and RCTs written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese without publication time. The researched papers had swimmers as the population, compared an exercise program with another program or without intervention, and had as outcomes musculoskeletal risk factor variables. Results: Eleven articles were considered for analysis. There were three positive effects of strength programs on shoulder rotators\u2019 strength and endurance, two positive effects of strength and stretching programs on shoulder posture, and one positive effect of a stretching program on shoulder ROM and a plyometric program on proprioception. Conclusions: There is high heterogeneity and little methodological quality evidence about the theme. However, strength programs with five or fewer OKC exercises performed out of the water seems to lead to better results in the swimmer\u2019s shoulder prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe12060044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1654167902000},"page":"601-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effectiveness of Therapeutic Exercise in Musculoskeletal Risk Factors Related to Swimmer\u2019s Shoulder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nuno","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports, University of Porto and CIAFEL, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra School of Education, Rua D. Jo\u00e3o III, Solum, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Applied Research Unit (IIA), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Robocorp, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABIOMEP-UP\u2014Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sports and CIFI2D, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096847","article-title":"Musculoskeletal dysfunctions associated with swimmers\u2019 shoulder","volume":"51","author":"Struyf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. 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