{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:02:03Z","timestamp":1774414923919,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has caused substantial disruptions in the lives of higher education students, with detrimental repercussions for academic performance and overall mental health. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Portuguese higher education students during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic and investigate DASS-21\u2019s psychometric characteristics and whether it functions effectively during a pandemic. A convenience sampling procedure was used to recruit 1522 participants (75.1% women and 79.2% undergraduate students) for this cross-sectional research. Participants completed an e-survey created using DASS-21. The results revealed a considerable prevalence of symptoms of depression [\u226510] (N = 434, 28.5%), anxiety [\u22657] (N = 551, 36.2%), and stress [\u226511] (N = 544, 35.7%). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed the scale\u2019s three-factor structure, which matched the three DASS-21 subscales. Subsequently, the heterotrait\u2013monotrait (HTMT) correlation ratio evaluated the scale\u2019s discriminant validity, which was relatively good. Cronbach\u2019s alpha measured the internal consistency of the DASS subscales, which was excellent (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 &gt; 0.90). DASS-21 was shown to be a reliable and appropriate measure for assessing students\u2019 mental health. Furthermore, DASS-21 is recommended for use by academics and healthcare professionals in measuring students\u2019 psychological distress. Further validation studies of this scale are needed with larger and more representative samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe13110177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1699234629000},"page":"2546-2560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessment and Psychometric Properties of the 21-Item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) among Portuguese Higher Education Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo Andr\u00e9\u201466\u201368, Campus 5, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-801 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Querido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo Andr\u00e9\u201466\u201368, Campus 5, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), NursID, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo Andr\u00e9\u201466\u201368, Campus 5, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Polo A, Av. Bissaya Barreto, 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9035-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Anjos","family":"Dixe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo Andr\u00e9\u201466\u201368, Campus 5, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.15-2-151","article-title":"Mental health in young adults and adolescents\u2013supporting general physicians to provide holistic care","volume":"15","author":"Jurewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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