{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:17:49Z","timestamp":1761628669338,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/01662\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/01662\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The growing prevalence of cyber interpersonal violence (CIV) among adolescents necessitates tools to assess its dimensions: victimization, perpetration, and bystander roles. This study develops and validates the \u201cCyber Interpersonal Violence Instrument for Adolescents\u201d (CyIVIA). Method: CyIVIA\u2019s development involved 253 adolescents, comprising 146 boys and 107 girls, aged between 11 and 16 years, from northern Portugal. The 40-item Likert-scale tool assesses direct (victimization and perpetration) and indirect (bystander roles) CIV. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor testing for reliability and validity. Results: CyIVIA demonstrated internal consistency (\u03b1 = 0.743\u20130.851) and a robust multidimensional structure. 56.5% reported CIV involvement, with gender differences: girls showed higher victimization, and boys, higher perpetration. The 8th grade emerged as a key intervention period. Conclusions: CyIVIA is a reliable tool for assessing CIV among adolescents. Interventions should focus on prevention, empower active bystanders, and promote safer digital environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15110218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T02:50:48Z","timestamp":1761533448000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring Cyber Interpersonal Violence in Adolescents: Development and Validation of the CyIVIA Instrument"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1721-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Artificial Intelligence and Health Research Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, CESPU, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Ferreira","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iHealth4Well-Being\u2014Innovation in Health and Well-Being\u2014Research Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, 4560-462 Penafiel, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"Vilhena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai\u2014School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-067 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Alto Minho, 4900-644 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3290-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Lobato","family":"de Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Social Sciences (CICS), Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), National School of Public Health, NOVA University, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Caridade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Arbuckle, J. 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