{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T05:36:05Z","timestamp":1764308165857,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), under HEI-Lab R&amp;D Unit","award":["UIDB\/05380\/2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54499\/UIDB\/05380\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05380\/2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54499\/UIDB\/05380\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most individuals experience at least one traumatic event during their lifetime, which can lead to the development of psychopathological symptoms and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). First responders (e.g., police officers, firefighters, emergency medical professionals) are exposed to traumatic events daily, making them particularly vulnerable to developing such symptoms. Using an online questionnaire, this study aimed to compare self-reported exposure to traumatic events and the presence of psychopathological and PTSD symptoms between a sample from the general community (n = 137) and first responders (n = 672) residing in Portugal. We also sought to identify factors associated with the development of PTSD symptoms. Results showed that although first responders reported higher exposure to traumatic events, there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between first responders and the general community. However, general psychopathological symptoms, particularly anxiety and depression, were higher in the general community than among first responders. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive\u2013compulsive tendencies, hostility, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and personally experienced traumatic events emerged as significant predictors of PTSD symptoms, whereas demographic variables showed no significant predictive value. The potential influence of factors such as terror management theory, training and education, professional selection, the \u201chero lifestyle\u201d, and the \u201cpolice culture\u201d is discussed, along with implications and directions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15120241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T15:56:41Z","timestamp":1764172601000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Traumatic Events, Psychopathology, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the General Community and First Responders: Presence of Symptoms and Associated Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Ant\u00f3nio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Gamito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psycho\u00e9ducation et de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivani Atul","family":"Mansuklal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicologia da Unidade de Sa\u00fade da GNR, Centro Cl\u00ednico, Rua Presidente Arriaga 9, 1200-771 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3600-7397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vieira de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000228503.95503.e9","article-title":"Predictors of PTSD and delayed PTSD after disaster: The impact of exposure and psychosocial resources","volume":"194","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.1.76","article-title":"Ambulance personnel and critical incidents: Impact of accident and emergency work on mental health and emotional well-being","volume":"178","author":"Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510110382232","article-title":"Police officer physical ability testing\u2014Re-validating a selection criterion","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-020-10107-2","article-title":"The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety sensitivity on mental health among public safety personnel: When the uncertain is unavoidable","volume":"44","author":"Angehrn","year":"2020a","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angehrn, A., Teale Sapach, M. 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