{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:55Z","timestamp":1760236315670,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IN2STEMPO project","award":["777515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777515"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00147\/2020 \u2013 SYSTEC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00147\/2020 \u2013 SYSTEC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electricity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unbalanced currents, low power factor and high losses contribute to increasing the bill infrastructure managers must pay to the TSO\/DSO operator that supplies electric energy to the railway system. Additionally, if regenerative energy coming from braking regimes is not allowed to be injected into the grid or even is penalized when it occurs, then the optimization of those parameters must be pursued. One of the possible measures that can be taken to counteract those phenomena is the installation of electronic balancers in heavy loaded substations in order to optimize the interface to the three-phase electric grid. This paper shows the benefit of such use taking examples from real conditions and realistic simulations assumed equivalent to field measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electricity2040032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:52:28Z","timestamp":1636923148000},"page":"554-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Voltage Unbalance, Power Factor and Losses Optimization in Electrified Railways Using an Electronic Balancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computers Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computers Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SNCF R\u00e9seau, D\u00e9partement Traction \u00c9lectrique, 6 Avenue Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, 93574 La Plaine Saint Denis, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2658-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor A.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computers Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shift2Rail (2019). 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