{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:09:47Z","timestamp":1768871387397,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["864337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electricity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In isolated power systems with very high instantaneous shares of renewables, additional inertia should be used as a complementary resource to battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for improving frequency stability, which can be provided by synchronous condensers (SCs) integrated into the system. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology to infer the system dynamic security, with respect to key frequency indicators, following critical disturbances. Of particular interest is the evidence that multiple short-circuit locations should be considered as reference disturbances regarding the frequency stability in isolated power grids with high shares of renewables. Thus, an artificial neural network (ANN) structure was developed, aiming to predict the network frequency nadir and Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF), considering a certain operating scenario and disturbances. For the operating conditions where the system frequency indicators are violated, a methodology is proposed based on a gradient descent technique, which quantifies the minimum amount of additional synchronous inertia (SCs which need to be dispatch) that moves the system towards its dynamic security region, exploiting the trained ANN, and computing the sensitivity of its outputs with respect to the input defining the SC inertia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electricity4020008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T02:28:12Z","timestamp":1681439292000},"page":"114-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improving Dynamic Security in Islanded Power Systems: Quantification of Minimum Synchronous Inertia Considering Fault-Induced Frequency Deviations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CPES\u2014INESC Technology and Science, FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9108-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos L.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPES\u2014INESC Technology and Science, FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7638-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Pe\u00e7as Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPES\u2014INESC Technology and Science, FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2014.2380131","article-title":"Advanced Control Solutions for Operating Isolated Power Systems: Examining the Portuguese Islands","volume":"3","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Electrif. 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