{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:33:09Z","timestamp":1761989589164,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, DC and AC parts of hybrid microgrids are interconnected by a neutral point clamped\u2014NPC converter controlled using a new backstepping predictive (BP) method. The NPC converter is controlled to operate in the DC microgrid voltage control mode or in the AC microgrid power control mode. The novel backstepping predictive controller is designed using the dq state space dynamic model of the NPC converter connected to the hybrid microgrid. The designed BP controller regulates the DC voltage or AC injected power, balances the capacitor voltages, controls the AC currents, and enforces the near unity power factor. Simulation (MATLAB\/Simulink) and experimental (laboratory prototype) results show that the converter can regulate the DC voltage in the DC microgrid interconnection point, by adjusting the AC power conversion to compensate variations on the loads or on the distributed renewable energy sources in the DC microgrid. AC currents are sinusoidal with low harmonic distortion. The obtained BP controller is faster at balancing capacitor voltages than PWM (pulse width modulation) control with carrier offset. The fast AC power response allows the converter to be used as a primary frequency regulator of the AC microgrid. This research is appropriate for power and voltage control in hybrid microgrids with renewable energy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10101210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T12:58:07Z","timestamp":1621429087000},"page":"1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Backstepping Predictive Control of Hybrid Microgrids Interconnected by Neutral Point Clamped Converters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2955-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Dion\u00edsio","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e da Engenharia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC-ID, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5556-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Fernando","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2266419","article-title":"An Improved Droop Control Method for DC Microgrids Based on Low Bandwidth Communication with DC Bus Voltage Restoration and Enhanced Current Sharing Accuracy","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasseter, R., Akhil, A., Marnay, C., Stephens, J., Dagle, J., Guttromson, R., Meliopoulous, A.S., Yinger, R., and Eto, J. (2002). 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