{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:06:41Z","timestamp":1769922401787,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hybrid three-phase rectifiers (HTR) consist of parallel associations of two rectifiers (rectifier 1 and rectifier 2), each one of them with a distinct operation, while the sum of their input currents forms a sinusoidal or multilevel waveform. In general, rectifier 1 is a GRAETZ (full bridge) (can be combined with a BOOST converter) and rectifier 2 is combined with a DC-DC converter. In this HTR contest, this paper is intended to answer some important questions about those hybrid rectifiers. To obtain the correct answers, the study is conducted as an analysis of a systematic literature review. Thus, a search was carried out in the databases, mostly IEEE and IET, and 34 papers were selected as the best corresponding to the HTR theme. It is observed that the preferred form of power distribution in unidirectional hybrid three-phase rectifiers (UHTR) is 55%Po (rectifier 1) and 45%Po (rectifier 2). For the bidirectional hybrid three-phase rectifiers (BHTR), rectifier 1 preferably takes 90%\u00a0of\u00a0Po and 10%\u00a0of\u00a0Po is processed by rectifier 2. It is also observed that the UHTR that employ the single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) or VIENNA converter topologies in rectifier 2 can present sinusoidal input currents with low total harmonic distortion (THD) and high Power Factor (PF), even successfully complying with the international standards. The same can be said about the rectifier that employs a pulse-width (PWM) converter of BOOST topology in rectifier 2. In short, the HTR are interesting because they allow using the GRAETZ full bridge topology in rectifier 1, thus taking advantage of its characteristics, being simple, robust, and reliable. At the same time, the advantages of rectifier 2, i.e., high PF and low THD, are well used. In addition, this article also points out the future direction of research that is still unexplored in the literature, thus giving opportunities for future innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10131520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Hybrid Three-Phase Rectifiers with Active Power Factor Correction: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1858-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Teixeira","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores, CTS\/UNINOVA, FCT, FCT Campus Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, FCT Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Monte Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0536-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanimir","family":"Valtchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores, CTS\/UNINOVA, FCT, FCT Campus Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, FCT Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Monte Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Melicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica (IDMEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alcides","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores, CTS\/UNINOVA, FCT, FCT Campus Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, FCT Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Monte Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frede","family":"Blaabjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Technology, University of Aalborg, Pontoppidanstr\u00e6de 111, 9220 Aalborg \u00d8st, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12230","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2705914","article-title":"DC microgrid technology: System architectures, AC grid interfaces, grounding schemes, power quality, communication networks, applications, and standardizations aspects","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J.T., Valtchev, S., Melicio, R., and Al-Saadi, M. (2019, January 12\u201315). Three-phase unidirectional transformerless hybrid rectifier with BOOST converter. Proceedings of the IEEE 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Nevsehir, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/GPECOM.2019.8778510"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J.T., Valtchev, S., and Melicio, R. (2021). Current Interactions Mitigation in 3-Phase PFC Modular Rectifier through Differential-Mode Choke Filter BOOST Converter. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041684"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2002.800570","article-title":"AC to DC power conversion now and in the future","volume":"38","author":"Siebert","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolar, J.W., and Ertl, H. (1999, January 9). Status of the techniques of three-phase rectifier systems with low effects on the mains. Proceedings of the 21st International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC\u201999), Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/INTLEC.1999.794075"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2008.2010219","article-title":"Analysis and implementation of a hybrid high-power-factor three-phase unidirectional rectifier","volume":"24","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangtheerajaroonwong, W., Hatada, T., Wada, K., and Akagi, H. (2006, January 18\u201322). Design of a transformerless shunt hybrid filter integrated into a three-phase diode rectifier. Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/pesc.2006.1711974"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2008.09.009","article-title":"Systematic literature reviews in software engineering\u2013a systematic literature review","volume":"51","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B. (2007). Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, University of Durham. Version 2.3, EBSE Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manjrekar, M.D., Steimer, P.K., and Lipo, T.A. (1999, January 3\u20137). Hybrid multilevel power conversion system: A competitive solution for high power applications. Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Fourth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370), Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.1999.805943"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.2977575","article-title":"A Hybrid Three-Phase AC\/DC Power System for Low-Frequency Pulsed Load Applications","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2007.907004","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a novel hybrid multipulse rectifier for utility interface of power electronic converters","volume":"54","author":"Canesin","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2012.2205358","article-title":"Analysis of high-efficiency three-phase two-and three-level unidirectional hybrid rectifiers","volume":"60","author":"Soeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.876859","article-title":"Programmable PFC based hybrid multipulse power rectifier for ultra clean power application","volume":"21","author":"Canesin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/28.845059","article-title":"Hybrid multilevel power conversion system: A competitive solution for high-power applications","volume":"36","author":"Manjrekar","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2013.2262914","article-title":"New hybrid high-power rectifier with reduced THDI and voltage-sag ride-through capability using BOOST converter","volume":"49","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2018.5017","article-title":"Two methods for controlling three-time fundamental frequency neutral-point voltage oscillation in a hybrid VIENNA rectifier","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2019.0247","article-title":"Passivity-based control of the hybrid rectifier for medium and high-power application","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2012.2227268","article-title":"DSP-based implementation of control strategy for sinusoidal input line current imposition for a hybrid three-phase rectifier","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"De Freitas, L.G., Coelho, E.A.A., Finazzi, A.P., Simoes, M.G., Canesin, C.A., and De Freitas, L.C. (2005, January 16). Programmable PFC based hybrid multipulse power rectifier for utility interface of power electronic converters. Proceedings of the IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Alves, R.L., Font, C.I., and Barbi, I. (2005, January 16). A novel unidirectional hybrid three-phase rectifier system employing BOOST topology. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"De Freitas, L.G., Sim\u00f5es, M.G., Canesin, C.A., and De Freitas, L.C. (2004, January 20\u201325). A novel programmable PFC based hybrid rectifier for ultra clean power application. Proceedings of the IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Soares, J.D.O., Canesin, C.A., and de Freitas, L.C. (2008, January 15\u201319). A true programmable HPF hybrid three-phase rectifier. Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Rhodes, Greece."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, D.B., Silva, P.R., Lima, G.B., Coelho, E.A., and Freitas, L.C. (2016, January 20\u201324). Grid connected dc distribution network deploying high power density rectifier for dc voltage stabilization. Proceedings of the IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2016.7468384"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"De Freitas, L.G., Vincenzi, F., Freitas, M.A.A., Fernandes, E.R., Mendon\u00e7a, R.G., and de Freitas, L.C. (March, January 25). Programmable PFC based hybrid multipulse power rectifier with sinusoidal input line current imposed by digital controller. Proceedings of the APEC 07-Twenty-Second Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Font, C.I., and Barbi, I. (2006, January 19\u201323). A new high power factor bidirectional hybrid three-phase rectifier. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, R.L., and Barbi, I. (2006, January 9\u201313). A new hybrid high power factor three-phase unidirectional rectifier. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2006.295781"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, J.O., Canesin, C.A., and De Freitas, L.C. (2007, January 22\u201326). Hybrid three-phase hpf rectifier with programmable input current THD, using FPGA device and VHDL language. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Power Electronics, Daegu, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPE.2007.4692421"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, A.V., Rodrigues, D.B., de Freitas, L.C., Vieira, J.B., Coelho, E.A.A., Farias, V.J., and Freitas, L.C. (2011, January 9\u201313). Hybrid high-power rectifier with reduced THDI and voltage sag ride-through capability. Proceedings of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.2011.6074329"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, A.V., Rodrigues, D.B., Lima, G.B., de Freitas, L.C., Coelho, E.A., Farias, V.J., and Freitas, L.C. (2012, January 5\u20139). Retrofitting technique to improve voltage sags ride-through capability of ASD using SEPIC rectifiers. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2012.6166014"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Bai, L., Wang, D., and Zhou, Y. (2013, January 26\u201329). Study on the current control strategy of hybrid rectifier based on the PR controller. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Busan, Korea."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gedroyc, K., and Jasinski, M. (2017, January 11\u201314). All-SiC 5 kW\/50 kHz three-phase hybrid rectifier with reduced input current harmonics. Proceedings of the 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE\u201917 ECCE Europe), Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.23919\/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099276"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuanpeng, F., Jiuhe, W., Jianguo, L., and Xiaobin, M. (2018, January 10\u201312). Research of hybrid rectifier with LCL filter. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference of Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IICSPI.2018.8690439"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Wang, J., Li, Q., Feng, Y., and Mu, X. (2018, January 4\u20137). The passivity-based hybrid control of NPC hybrid three phase voltage source rectifier. Proceedings of the IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PEAC.2018.8590434"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wu, H., Zhu, J., Li, L., and Xing, Y. (December, January 29). A Three-Phase AC\/DC Power System with Paralleled Active and Passive Rectifiers for Low-Frequency Pulsed Load Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE 9th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC2020-ECCE Asia, Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPEMC-ECCEAsia48364.2020.9368109"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"De Freitas, L.G., Coelho, E.A., Parreira, E.F., Oliveira, M.A., and de Freitas, L.C. (2005, January 6\u201310). Multipulse power rectifier without using multiphase transformers. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), Raleigh, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajan, G.S., and Rajan, C.C.A. (2011, January 28\u201330). Input stage improved power factor of three phase diode rectifier using hybrid unidirectional rectifier. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (ICONSET 2011), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONSET.2011.6168039"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, A.V., Rodrigues, D.B., de Freitas, L.C., Vieira, J.B., Coelho, E.A., Farias, V.J., and Freitas, L.C. (2011, January 11\u201315). Hybrid three-phase rectifier with high power factor and voltage sags ride-through capability for utility interface of adjustable speed drives. Proceedings of the XI Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, Natal, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/COBEP.2011.6085275"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Suarez, C.A., Melo, G.A., and Canesin, C.A. (2018, January 17\u201321). A 7.5 kW Off-board Three-Phase Fast Charger Prototype for Electric Vehicles. Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ECCE Europe), Riga, Latvia."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soeiro, T.B., Friedli, T., Hartmann, M., and Kolar, J.W. (2011, January 7\u201310). New unidirectional hybrid delta-switch rectifier. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2011.6119525"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"654","article-title":"Two methods to control neutral-point voltage fluctuation for a hybrid VIENNA rectifier","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng."}],"container-title":["Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/10\/13\/1520\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:22:15Z","timestamp":1760163735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/10\/13\/1520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["electronics10131520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10131520","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}