{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:42:35Z","timestamp":1777891355341,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020\/2014-2020","award":["H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA-876190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA-876190"]}]},{"name":"PT2020","award":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A shared ground shared radiator with wide angular coverage for mmWave 5G smartphones is proposed in this paper. A four-element corporate-fed array with conventional impedance matched power divider is designed. Stepped impedance transformers are integrated with the corner most elements to achieve pattern diversity with wide angular coverage without significant compromise in gain. The proposed three-port shared radiator conformal commercial antenna could be easily integrated with commercial mmWave 5G smartphones. All the three ports\u2019 excitations operate in the 28 GHz band. Radiation pattern bandwidth of the multi-port system is high. The gain variation is from 6 to 11 dBi amongst the ports and across the operating spectrum. The highest mutual coupling is 10 dB, in spite of the electrically connected structure. The proposed shared radiator element has a wide angular coverage of 100\u00b0, maintaining high front-to-back ratio when the respective port is excited. Simulation and measurement results for the proposed structure are illustrated in detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11040571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1644870402000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Wide-Angle Pattern Diversity Antenna System for mmWave 5G Mobile Terminals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-9226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthikeya Gulur","family":"Sadananda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Antennas and Radio Frequency Systems, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issa","family":"Elfergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chemseddine","family":"Zebiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoired\u2019Electronique de Puissance et Commande Industrielle (LEPCI), Department of Electronics, University of Ferhat Abbas, S\u00e9tif -1-, S\u00e9tif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1761-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiban Kishen","family":"Koul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raed A.","family":"Abd-Alhameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"},{"name":"Information and Communication Engineering Department, Basrah University College of Science and Technology, Basrah 24001, Iraq"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5783993","article-title":"An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems","volume":"49","author":"Pi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radio propagation and wireless coverage of LSAA-based 5G millimeter-wave mobile communication systems","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701374","article-title":"Architecture and Circuit Choices for 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Transceivers","volume":"56","author":"Sagazio","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2013.2260813","article-title":"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!","volume":"1","author":"Rappaport","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736750","article-title":"Millimeter-wave beamforming as an enabling technology for 5G cellular communications: Theoretical feasi-bility and prototype results","volume":"52","author":"Roh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1946.234568","article-title":"A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula","volume":"34","author":"Friis","year":"1946","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2014.2352679","article-title":"Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenna with Improved Radiation Characteristics Using EBG Ground Structure and Dielectric Superstrate for Future 5G Cellular Networks","volume":"2","author":"Haraz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2018.5916","article-title":"Gridded parasitic patch stacked microstrip array antenna for 60 GHz band","volume":"14","author":"Bondarik","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6413","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2681463","article-title":"Pedersen A planar switchable 3-D-coverage phased array antenna and its user effects for 28-GHz mobile terminal applications","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2703850","article-title":"Broadband Printed-Dipole Antenna and Its Arrays for 5G Applications","volume":"16","author":"Ta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3001434","article-title":"Dual-Polarized mm-Wave End-Fire Chain-Slot Antenna for Mobile Devices","volume":"69","author":"Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., Rafique, U., Ullah, R., Ullah, S., Khan, S., and Donelli, M. (2021). Double Overt-Leaf Shaped CPW-Fed Four Port UWB MIMO Antenna. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10243140"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1419","article-title":"High Gain of UWB Planar Antenna Utilising FSS Reflector for UWB Applications","volume":"70","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, J., Ullah, S., Tahir, F.A., Tubbal, F., and Raad, R. (2021). A Sub-6 GHz MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Wireless Terminals. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10243062"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arumugam, S., Manoharan, S., Palaniswamy, S.K., and Kumar, S. (2021). Design and Performance Analysis of a Compact Quad-Element UWB MIMO Antenna for Automotive Communications. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10182184"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Stutzman, W.L., and Thiele, G.A. (2012). Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6721","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2700891","article-title":"Compact Tapered Slot Antenna Array for 5G Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Koul, S.K., Poddar, A.K., Sadananda, K.G., and Rohde, U.L. (2021). Conformal Antenna Module With 3D-Printed Radome. (Application 17\/221,965), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koul, S.K. (2021). Antenna Architectures for Future Wireless Devices, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7783-0"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21564","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21564","article-title":"Millimeter-wave antenna with wide-scan angle radiation characteristics for MIMO ap-plications","volume":"29","author":"Wani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8258","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2889333","article-title":"A 1-D Tightly Coupled Dipole Array for Broadband mmWave Communication","volume":"7","author":"Shim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7225","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2930119","article-title":"Integrated Frequency-Reconfigurable Slot An-tenna and Connected Slot Antenna Array for 4G and 5G Mobile Handsets","volume":"67","author":"Ikram","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2906775","article-title":"Quasi-Yagi Antenna Array with Modified Folded Dipole Driver for mmWave 5G Cellular Devices","volume":"18","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2019.1617790","article-title":"Dual band omnidirectional millimeter wave antenna for 5G communi-cations","volume":"33","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2891456","article-title":"A Simple Decoupling Method for 5G Millimeter-Wave MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antennas","volume":"67","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."}],"container-title":["Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/11\/4\/571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:19:07Z","timestamp":1760134747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/11\/4\/571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["electronics11040571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics11040571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]}}}