{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:29:14Z","timestamp":1771036154680,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU H2020","award":["H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA-876190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA-876190"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interconnected three-element and four-element wideband MIMO antennas have been proposed for millimeter-wave 5G applications by performing numerical computations and carrying out experimental measurements. The antenna structure is realized using Rogers 5880 substrate (\u03b5r = 2.2, tan \u03b4 = 0.0009), where the radiating element has the shape of an inverted L with a partial ground. The unit element is carefully designed and positioned (by orthogonally rotating the elements) to form three-element (case 1) and four-element (case 2) MIMO antennas. The interconnected ground for both cases is ascertained to increase the practical utilization of the resonator. The proposed MIMO antenna size is (0.95\u03bb \u00d7 3\u03bb) for case 1 and (2.01\u03bb \u00d7 1.95\u03bb) for case 2 (at the lowest functional frequency). Both the designs give an impedance bandwidth of approximately 26\u201340 GHz (43%). Moreover, they achieve greater than 15 dB isolation and more than 6 dBi gain with an ECC value lower than 0.02, which meets the MIMO diversity performance thus making the three-element and four-element MIMO antennas the best choice for millimeter-wave 5G applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11091387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T11:45:55Z","timestamp":1650973555000},"page":"1387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Inverted-L Shaped Wideband MIMO Antenna for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5358-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa 388421, India"}]},{"given":"Alpesh","family":"Vala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa 388421, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4813-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arpan","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa 388421, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issa","family":"Elfergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiren","family":"Mewada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keyur","family":"Mahant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa 388421, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chemseddine","family":"Zebiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Electronique de Puissance et Commande Industrielle (LEPCI), Department of Electronics, University of Ferhat Abbas, S\u00e9tif -1-, S\u00e9tif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharmendra","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa 388421, India"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31601","article-title":"Compact wideband transparent antenna for 5G communication systems","volume":"61","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microw. 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