{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:31:03Z","timestamp":1760149863303,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020 DAEMON","award":["101017109","101070177","UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101017109","101070177","UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe ICOS","award":["101017109","101070177","UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101017109","101070177","UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CT\/MCTES through national funds and when applicable co-funded EU funds","award":["101017109","101070177","UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101017109","101070177","UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an exponential increase in data generated by connected devices. Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool to analyze these data and enable intelligent IoT applications. However, developing and managing ML applications in the decentralized Cloud-to-Things continuum is extremely complex. This paper proposes Zenoh-Flow, a dataflow programming framework that supports the implementation of End-to-End (E2E) ML pipelines in a fully decentralized manner and abstracted from communication aspects. Thus, it simplifies the development and upgrade process of the next-generation ML-powered applications in the IoT domain. The proposed framework was demonstrated using a real-world use case, and the results showcased a significant improvement in overall performance and network usage compared to the original implementation. Additionally, other of its inherent benefits are a significant step towards developing efficient and scalable ML applications in the decentralized IoT ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12183940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T02:47:52Z","timestamp":1695091672000},"page":"3940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Dataflow-Oriented Approach for Machine-Learning-Powered Internet of Things Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Baldoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ZettaScale Technology, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France"},{"name":"U3CM Telematic Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7211-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DETI, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZettaScale Technology, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6504-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DETI, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DETI, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Corsaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZettaScale Technology, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-021-09622-6","article-title":"A Review and State of Art of Internet of Things (IoT)","volume":"29","author":"Laghari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04874-y","article-title":"Machine learning and data analytics for the IoT","volume":"32","author":"Adi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mallozzi, P., Pelliccione, P., Knauss, A., Berger, C., and Mohammadiha, N. (2019). Automotive Systems and Software Engineering: State of the Art and Future Trends, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Buschmann, F., Henney, K., and Schmidt, D.C. (2007). Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture, Volume 5: On Patterns and Pattern Languages, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2893866","article-title":"From Cloud Down to Things: An Overview of Machine Learning in Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Samie","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraskevoulakou, E., and Kyriazis, D. (2021, January 1\u20134). Leveraging the serverless paradigm for realizing machine learning pipelines across the edge-cloud continuum. Proceedings of the 2021 24th Conference on Innovation in Clouds, Internet and Networks and Workshops (ICIN), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIN51074.2021.9385525"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1013208.1013209","article-title":"Advances in dataflow programming languages","volume":"36","author":"Johnston","year":"2004","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3013","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles: A study of implementation and security","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bosch Termotecnologia S.A, Universidade de Aveiro (2023, September 11). Smart Green Homes. Available online: https:\/\/www.ua.pt\/pt\/smartgreenhomes\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamburri, D.A. (2020, January 1\u20134). Sustainable MLOps: Trends and Challenges. Proceedings of the 2020 22nd International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (SYNASC), Timisoara, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYNASC51798.2020.00015"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31866","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3262138","article-title":"Machine Learning Operations (MLOps): Overview, Definition, and Architecture","volume":"11","author":"Kreuzberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen, S., Skogstr\u00f6m, H., Laaksonen, E., and Mikkonen, T. (2021, January 30\u201331). Who Needs MLOps: What Data Scientists Seek to Accomplish and How Can MLOps Help?. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 1st Workshop on AI Engineering\u2014Software Engineering for AI (WAIN), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAIN52551.2021.00024"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kahn, G. (1974, January 5\u201310). The Semantics of a Simple Language for Parallel Programming. Proceedings of the Information Processing, Proceedings of the 6th IFIP Congress 1974, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1109\/5.381846","article-title":"Dataflow Process Networks","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramaglia, M., Camelo, M., Fuentes, L., Ballesteros, J., Baldoni, G., Cominardi, L., Garcia-Saavedra, A., and Fiore, M. (2022, January 7\u201310). Network Intelligence for Virtualized RAN Orchestration: The DAEMON Approach. Proceedings of the 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit), Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit54941.2022.9815816"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6231276","article-title":"A survey of information-centric networking","volume":"50","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldoni, G., Loudet, J., Cominardi, L., Corsaro, A., and He, Y. (2021, January 6\u201310). Zenoh-based Dataflow Framework for Autonomous Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 21st International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C), Hainan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS-C55045.2021.00085"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kulkarni, S.S., Demirbas, M., Madappa, D., Avva, B., and Leone, M. (2014). Principles of Distributed Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldoni, G., and Teixeira, R. (2023, September 11). Repository for the paper entitled A Dataflow-Oriented Approach for Machine-Learning-Powered Internet of Things Applications. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/gabrik\/dataflow-oriented-ml-powered-iot.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12183940"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M., Antunes, M., Gomes, D., and Aguiar, R.L. (2023). Home Comfort Dataset: Acquired from SGH. Data, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/data8030058"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, S. (2019, January 14\u201316). A Quick Review of Machine Learning Algorithms. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon), Faridabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMITCon.2019.8862451"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Singh, A., Thakur, N., and Sharma, A. (2016, January 16\u201318). A review of supervised machine learning algorithms. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2021.100045","article-title":"Machine learning in construction: From shallow to deep learning","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."}],"container-title":["Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/12\/18\/3940\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:53:13Z","timestamp":1760129593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/12\/18\/3940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["electronics12183940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12183940","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-9292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]}}}