{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:15:39Z","timestamp":1768486539296,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/EEA\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/EEA\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.03897. PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.03897. PTDC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates receiver design solutions for distributed Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (D-m MIMO) systems, taking into account parameters such as number of access points as well as concerns related to channel estimates that use single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE). A significant contribution of this research is the integration of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes to simplify coding complexity and enhance communication efficiency. The research examines different receiver designs, such as spatial antenna correlation and sophisticated channel estimation methods. The authors propose integrating LDPC codes into the receiver architecture to simplify computations and enhance error correction and decoding. Moreover, the paper examines performance evaluation measures and approaches, highlighting the trade-offs among complexity, spectral efficiency, and error performance. The comparative analysis indicates the benefits, in terms of performance, of incorporating LDPC codes and improving system throughput and dependability. We examine four distinct receiver algorithms: zero-forcing (ZF), minimum mean square error (MMSE), maximum ratio combining (MRC), and equal gain combining (EGC). The study shows that MRC and EGC receivers work well in D-m MIMO because they make the receiver system less computationally demanding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13081560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T06:28:09Z","timestamp":1713508089000},"page":"1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Assessment of Receiver Algorithms for Distributed Massive MIMO Systems: Investigating Design Solutions and Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Gashtasbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Nova, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5498-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Marques da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Aut\u00f3noma de Lisboa, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Autonoma TechLab, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Ci2\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Cidades Inteligentes, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8520-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Nova, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Autonoma TechLab, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458","article-title":"Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"18","author":"Agiwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2021.11.002","article-title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surface: Design the channel\u2014A new opportunity for future wireless networks","volume":"8","author":"Dajer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Networks"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3004197","article-title":"Toward Smart Wireless Communications via Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces: A Contemporary Survey","volume":"22","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Zhao, J., and Liu, Y. (2019). Survey of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs): Towards 6G Wireless Communication Networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavia, J.P., Velez, V., Souto, N., da Silva, M.M., and Correia, A. (2024). System-Level Assessment of massive MIMO and RIS in C-RAN and IoT scenarios in sub-6 GHz, mm-Wave and THz bands. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202312.0105.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gashtasbi, A., da Silva, M.M., and Dinis, R. (2022). IRS, LIS, and Radio Stripes-Aided Wireless Communications: A Tutorial. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122412696"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, M.M., and Guerreiro, J. (2020). On the 5G and beyond. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207091"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3071059","article-title":"Capacity Analysis of IRS-Based UAV Communications with Imperfect Phase Compensation","volume":"10","author":"Alsusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61753","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3181757","article-title":"Deployment Strategies for Large Intelligent Surfaces","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, A., Rusek, F., Gomes, M., and Dinis, R. (2020, January 7\u201311). On the Complexity Requirements of a Panel-Based Large Intelligent Surface. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2020\u20142020 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Taipei, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9347953"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S., Rusek, F., and Edfors, O. (2017, January 4\u20137). The Potential of Using Large Antenna Arrays on Intelligent Surfaces. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2017.8108330"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, F., Gomes, M., Silva, V., Dinis, R., and Antunes, C.H. (2022). Bi-Objective Power Optimization of Radio Stripe Uplink Communications. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11060876"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaik, Z.H., Bjornson, E., and Larsson, E.G. (2020, January 7\u201311). Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Radio Stripes and Sequential Uplink Processing. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops49005.2020.9145164"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2017.2770215","article-title":"On the Total Energy Efficiency of Cell-Free Massive MIMO","volume":"2","author":"Ngo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, A., Rusek, F., Gomes, M., and Dinis, R. (2022, January 19\u201322). A Low Complexity Sequential Resource Allocation for Panel-Based LIS Surfaces. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Spring), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860705"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sanchez, J.R., Rusek, F., Edfors, O., and Liu, L. (2019). An Iterative Interference Cancellation Algorithm for Large Intelligent Surfaces. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundu, N.K., and McKay, M.R. (2020). Channel Estimation for Large Intelligent Surface Aided MISO Communications: From LMMSE to Deep Learning Solutions. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3063171"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2436705","article-title":"A Survey on Photograph LDPC Codes and Their Applications","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun.-Tion Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gashtasbi, A., da Silva, M.M., Dinis, R., and Guerreiro, J. (2023). On the Performance of LDPC-Coded Large Intelligent Antenna System. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13084738"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghonaim, E., Landolsi, M.A., and El-Maleh, A. (2007, January 24\u201327). Improving BER Performance of LDPC Codes Based on Intermediate Decoding Results. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (ICSPC 2007), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPC.2007.4728627"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques da Silva, M., Dinis, R., and Martins, G. (2021). On the Performance of LDPC-Coded Massive MIMO Schemes with Power-Ordered NOMA Techniques. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188684"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3192347","article-title":"A Novel Differential Chaos Shift Keying Scheme with Multidimensional Index Modulation","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/telecom1010002","article-title":"A Low Complexity Channel Estimation and Detection for Massive MIMO Using SC-FDE","volume":"1","author":"Dinis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telecom"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sanchez, J.R., Rusek, F., Edfors, O., and Liu, L. (2020). Distributed and Scalable Uplink Processing for LIS: Algorithm, Architecture, and Design Trade-offs. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harika, A., and Biradar, R.L. (2021). MIMO OFDM with index modulation for 5G networks. Mater. Today Proc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.083"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Baykas, T., Funada, R., Sum, C.-S., Rahman, A., Lan, Z., Harada, H., and Kato, S. (2009, January 26\u201329). A SNR Mapping Scheme for ZF\/MMSE Based SC-FDE Structured WPANs. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference Spring, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2009.5073346"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-018-1335-1","article-title":"Two Low Complexity MRC and EGC Based Receivers for SC-FDE Modulations with Massive MIMO Schemes","volume":"90","author":"Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Signal Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Bajaj, R., Jadon, J.S., and Arora, N. (2017, January 17\u201319). Analysis and comparison of transmit diversity scheme using MRC and EGC. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), Bengaluru, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartTechCon.2017.8358371"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.863008","article-title":"Training-Based MIMO Channel Estimation: A Study of Estimator Tradeoffs and Optimal Training Signals","volume":"54","author":"Biguesh","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4236\/cn.2012.41008","article-title":"Training Based Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM Systems","volume":"4","author":"Imani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Do, D.-T., and Vu, D.-T. (2010, January 9\u201311). A new training sequence for secure channel estimation in MIMO systems. Proceedings of the 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT 2010), Chengdu, China."}],"container-title":["Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/13\/8\/1560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:58Z","timestamp":1760106658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/13\/8\/1560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["electronics13081560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13081560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}