{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:47:23Z","timestamp":1767340043803,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cFunda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u201d (FCT)","award":["2021.08660.BD","COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08660.BD","COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["2021.08660.BD","COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08660.BD","COMPETE 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic event detection (AED) systems, combined with video surveillance systems, can enhance urban security and safety by automatically detecting incidents, supporting the smart city concept. AED systems mostly use mel spectrograms as a well-known effective acoustic feature. The spectrogram is a combination of frequency bands. A big challenge is that some of the spectrogram bands may be similar in different events and be useless in AED. Removing useless bands reduces the input feature dimension and is highly desirable. This article proposes a mathematical feature analysis method to identify and eliminate ineffective spectrogram bands and improve AED systems\u2019 efficiency. The proposed approach uses a Student\u2019s t-test to compare frequency bands of the spectrogram from different acoustic events. The similarity between each frequency band among events is calculated using a two-sample t-test, allowing the identification of distinct and similar frequency bands. Removing these bands accelerates the training speed of the used classifier by reducing the number of features, and also enhances the system\u2019s accuracy and efficiency. Based on the obtained results, the proposed method reduces the spectrogram bands by 26.3%. The results showed an average difference of 7.77% in the Jaccard, 4.07% in the Dice, and 5.7% in the Hamming distance between selected bands using train and test datasets. These small values underscore the validity of the obtained results for the test dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13112064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T08:36:22Z","timestamp":1716798982000},"page":"2064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Feature-Reduction Scheme Based on a Two-Sample t-Test to Eliminate Useless Spectrogram Frequency Bands in Acoustic Event Detection Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Hajihashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0863-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdorreza Alavi","family":"Gharahbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narges","family":"Hajaboutalebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Shahrood Branch, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood 3619943189, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Zahraei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J. M.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel R. S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajihashemi, V., Alavigharahbagh, A., Oliveira, H.S., Cruz, P.M., and Tavares, J.M.R. (2021, January 10\u201313). 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