{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:51:09Z","timestamp":1769561469812,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-frequency (HF) emissions, referred to as supraharmonics (SHs), are proliferating in low- and medium-voltage networks due to the increasing use of technologies that generate distortions in the 2 kHz to 150 kHz range. The propagation of SHs through the electrical grid causes interference with power supply components and end-user equipment. With the increasing frequency of these incidents, it is imperative to establish guidelines and regulations that facilitate diagnosis and limit the amount of emissions injected into the electrical grid. The proliferation of SH emissions from active power electronics devices is a significant concern, especially considering the growing importance of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the context of climate change. The aim of this paper is to address and analyze the emissions from different PV inverters present in an electrical network. Several scenarios were simulated to understanding and identifying possible correlations. This study examines real signals from PV systems, which exhibit narrowband, broadband and time-varying emissions. This paper concludes by emphasizing the need for specific regulations for this frequency range while also providing indications for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13244880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1733899445000},"page":"4880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of Supraharmonics Emission in Power Grids: A Case Study of Photovoltaic Inverters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6721-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Grasel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competence Field Renewable Energy Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Vienna, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"INEC-TEC UTAD Pole, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nations, U. (2024, January 18). Paris Agreement\u2014Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available online: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/english_paris_agreement.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Republic, P. (2024, January 18). Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality, Available online: https:\/\/www.portugal.gov.pt\/download-ficheiros\/ficheiro.aspx?=%3d%3dBAAAAB%2bLCAAAAAAABACzMDexAAAut9emBAAAAA%3d%3d."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Council of European Union (2024, October 05). Directive (EU) 2019\/944\u2014Common Rules for the Internal Market for Electricity and Amending Directive 2012\/27\/EU. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32019L0944."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Council of European Union (2024, October 05). Directive (EU) 2018\/2001\u2014The Promotion of the Use of Energy From Renewable Sources. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2018\/2001\/oj."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2841368","article-title":"A Digital Disturbance Estimator (DDE) for Multiobjective Grid Connected Solar PV Based Distributed Generating System","volume":"54","author":"Pradhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, R., Calado, M., Mariano, S., and Esp\u00edrito-Santo, A. (2015, January 24\u201326). Micro-generation with solar energy: Power qualtity and impact on a rural low-voltage grid. Proceedings of the 2015 9th International Conference on Compatibility and Power Electronics (CPE), Costa da Caparica, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPE.2015.7231054"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2017.2656020","article-title":"Unstable Operation of Photovoltaic Inverter From Field Experiences","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slangen, T., \u0106uk, V., Cobben, J., and De Jong, E. (2023, January 16\u201320). Variations in Supraharmonic Emission (2\u2013150 kHz) of an EV Fast Charging Station under Different Supply- and Operating Conditions. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM52003.2023.10252962"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceaki, O., Vatu, R., Mancasi, M., Porumb, R., and Seritan, G. (2015, January 6\u20139). Analysis of electromagnetic disturbances for grid-connected PV plants. Proceedings of the 2015 Modern Electric Power Systems (MEPS), Wroclaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEPS.2015.7477165"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2014). IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems; (Revision of IEEE Std 519-1992) (Standard No. Std 519-2014)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2003). IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems (Standard No. Std 1547-2003)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2024.101306","article-title":"The impact of V2G charging stations (active power electronics) to the higher frequency grid impedance","volume":"38","author":"Grasel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L., Xu, S., Li, H., Zhu, K., and Ji, Z. (2023, January 12\u201314). Analysis of the Supraharmonic Characteristics of VSR PWM Converter. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 6th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC), Hefei, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIEEC58067.2023.10167394"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrillaga, J., and Watson, N.R. (2003). Power System Harmonics, Wiley. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0470871229"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2002). Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)\u2014Part 4\u20137: General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation, for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto (Standard No. IEC 61000-4-7)."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2008). Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)\u2014Part 4\u201330: Power Quality Measurement Methods (Standard No. IEC 61000-4-30)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2010). Specification for Radio Disturbance and Immunity Measuring Apparatus and Methods\u2014Part 16 (Standard No. CISPR 16)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grasel, B., Reis, M.J.C.S., Baptista, J., and Tragner, M. (2022, January 5\u20137). Comparison of Supraharmonic Emission Measurement Methods Using Real Signals of a V2G Charging Station and a PV Power Plant. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST), Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST53650.2022.9898483"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abid, F., Busatto, T., R\u00f6nnberg, S.K., and Bollen, M.H.J. (2016, January 16\u201319). Intermodulation due to interaction of photovoltaic inverter and electric vehicle at supraharmonic range. Proceedings of the 2016 17th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHQP.2016.7783471"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2002). Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)\u2014Part 2-2: Environment\u2014Compatibility Levels for Low-Frequency Conducted Disturbances and Signalling in Public Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems (Standard No. IEC 61000-2-2)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khokhlov, V., Meyer, J., and Schegner, P. (2019, January 23\u201327). Thermal Interactions in Modern Lighting Equipment due to Disturbances in the Frequency Range 2\u2013150 kHz. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech, Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2019.8810460"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.20559","article-title":"HarmoSim: A tool for harmonic distortion simulation and assessment of nonlinear loads","volume":"22","author":"Baptista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grasel, B., Baptista, J., Tragner, M., Leonhartsberger, K., and Keusch, G. (2021, January 9\u201311). Supraharmonic Emissions of a bidirectional electric vehicle charging station\u2014A research methodology based on tests at reconstructed distribution grid. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Power and Energy Applications (ICPEA), Busan, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPEA52760.2021.9639320"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slangen, T., van Wijk, T., \u0106uk, V., and Cobben, S. (2020). The Propagation and Interaction of Supraharmonics from Electric Vehicle Chargers in a Low-Voltage Grid. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13153865"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariscotti, A., and Mingotti, A. (2024). The Effects of Supraharmonic Distortion in MV and LV AC Grids. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.0305.v1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prudenzi, A., Fioravanti, A., Silvestri, A., Ciancetta, F., Fiorucci, E., and Mari, S. (2022, January 3\u20135). Overview of the Propagation of Supraharmonics in Power Systems. Proceedings of the 2022 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/AEIT56783.2022.9951834"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3099013","article-title":"Supraharmonics in Power Grid: Identification, Standards, and Measurement Techniques","volume":"9","author":"Alfalahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2021.107179","article-title":"Diagnosis of supraharmonics-related problems based on the effects on electrical equipment","volume":"195","author":"Bollen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."}],"container-title":["Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/13\/24\/4880\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:52:14Z","timestamp":1760115134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/13\/24\/4880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["electronics13244880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13244880","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}