{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:26:33Z","timestamp":1776277593681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT) through Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["2024.01919.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.01919.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT) through Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT) through Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["BI\/No2024\/00119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/No2024\/00119"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["2024.01919.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.01919.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["BI\/No2024\/00119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/No2024\/00119"]}]},{"name":"European Union\/Next Generation EU","award":["2024.01919.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.01919.BD"]}]},{"name":"European Union\/Next Generation EU","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\/Next Generation EU","award":["BI\/No2024\/00119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/No2024\/00119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are becoming increasingly important in multiple areas and various applications, including communication, detection, and monitoring. This review paper examines the development of antennas for UAVs, with a particular focus on miniaturization techniques, polarization strategies, and beamforming solutions. It explores both structural and material-based methods, such as meander lines, slots, high-dielectric substrates, and metasurfaces, which aim to make the antenna more compact without compromising performance. Different antenna types including dipole, monopole, horn, vivaldi, and microstrip patch are explored to identify solutions that meet performance standards while respecting UAV constraints. In terms of polarization strategies, these are often implemented in the feeding network to achieve linear or circular polarization, and beamforming techniques like beam-steering and beam-switching enhance communication efficiency by improving signal directionality. Future research should focus on more lightweight, structurally integrated, and reconfigurable apertures that push miniaturization through conformal substrates and programmable metasurfaces, extending efficient operation from 5\/6 GHz into the sub-THz regime and supporting agile beamforming for dense UAV swarms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14163205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1755016236000},"page":"3205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["General Overview of Antennas for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0113-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-5923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8897-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Agueda School of Technology and Management, University of Aveiro, 3750-127 Agueda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3846\/aviation.2024.21672","article-title":"Classification, military applications, and opportunities of unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"28","author":"Criollo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aviation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, O., and Wahab, I. 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