{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T17:10:04Z","timestamp":1772039404143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, IP","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, IP","award":["UIDB\/04082\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04082\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber-reinforced concrete is a crucial material for civil construction, and monitoring its health is important for preserving structures and preventing accidents and financial losses. Among non-destructive monitoring methods, Micro Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) imaging stands out as an inexpensive method that is free from noise and external interference. However, manual inspection of these images is subjective and requires significant human effort. In recent years, several studies have successfully utilized Deep Learning models for the automatic detection of cracks in concrete. However, according to the literature, a gap remains in the context of detecting cracks using Micro-CT images of fiber-reinforced concrete. Therefore, this work proposes a framework for automatic crack detection that combines the following: (a) a super-resolution-based preprocessing to generate, for each image, versions with double and quadruple the original resolution, (b) a classification step using EfficientNetB0 to classify the type of concrete matrix, (c) specific training of Detection Transformer (DETR) models for each type of matrix and resolution, and (d) and a votation committee-based post-processing among the models trained for each resolution to reduce false positives. The model was trained on a new publicly available dataset, the FIRECON dataset, which consists of 4064 images annotated by an expert, achieving metrics of 86.098% Intersection over Union, 89.37% Precision, 83.26% Recall, 84.99% F1-Score, and 44.69% Average Precision. The framework, therefore, significantly reduces analysis time and improves consistency compared to the manual methods used in previous studies. The results demonstrate the potential of Deep Learning to aid image analysis in damage assessments, providing valuable insights into the damage mechanisms of fiber-reinforced concrete and contributing to the development of durable, high-performance engineering materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14214208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T04:26:29Z","timestamp":1761711989000},"page":"4208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automated Crack Detection in Micro-CT Scanning for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using Super-Resolution and Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2921-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Gomes de","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), Campus do Bacanga, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65085-580, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0423-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arist\u00f3fanes Corr\u00eaa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), Campus do Bacanga, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65085-580, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6456-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Congro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Scientific Center (CPE), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rua Marqu\u00eas de S\u00e3o Vicente 225, G\u00e1vea, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Multiphysics Modeling and Simulation Group, Tecgraf Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rua Marqu\u00eas de S\u00e3o Vicente 225, G\u00e1vea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4644-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deane","family":"Roehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphysics Modeling and Simulation Group, Tecgraf Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rua Marqu\u00eas de S\u00e3o Vicente 225, G\u00e1vea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rua Marqu\u00eas de S\u00e3o Vicente 225, G\u00e1vea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselmo Cardoso de","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), Campus do Bacanga, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65085-580, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2630-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Materials and Civil Engineering for Sustainability (CMADE), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho (UMinho), 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"O concreto como material de constru\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"1","author":"Couto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cad. 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