{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T09:56:31Z","timestamp":1767693391778,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Augmented reality (AR) has emerged as a transformative technology, allowing users to engage with digital content overlaid on the physical world. In the construction industry, AR shows significant potential to enhance visualization, collaboration, training, and safety across the project lifecycle. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of 136 publications on the use of AR in construction published between 2019 and 2025, focusing on architectures, technologies, trends, and challenges. The review identifies the main architectures (cloud, hybrid, and local) and examines how AR is combined with Building Information Modeling (BIM) systems, digital twins, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Key application trends are identified and discussed, including on-site visualization, inspection and monitoring, immersive training, hazard detection, and remote collaboration. Challenges and constraints to the adoption of AR in construction are highlighted and examined such as hardware limitations, usability and ergonomics issues, interoperability with existing systems, high costs, and resistance to organizational change. By systematizing existing approaches and mapping both opportunities and barriers, this review provides a comprehensive reference for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers aiming to accelerate AR adoption in the construction sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics15010225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1767607428000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Systematic Literature Review of Augmented Reality\u2019s Development in Construction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8687-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC\u2014Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7846-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC\u2014Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9697-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC\u2014Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0167-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e1cio","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC\u2014Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3397-6793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Cid","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC\u2014Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, October 21). Fortune Business Insights. Augmented Reality (AR) Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Industry (Gaming, Media, Automotive, Retail, Healthcare, Education, Manufacturing, Real Estate\/Architecture Design, Defense & Aerospace, Art & Designing, Law Enforcement (Government, Logistics)), By Application (Interactive Showroom, Driving Experience, Virtual Fitting Room, Brand Engagement, Space Visualization and Virtual Tours), and Regional Forecast, 2025\u20132032. Available online: https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/augmented-reality-ar-market-102553."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caudell, T., and Mizell, D.W. (1992, January 7\u201310). Augmented Reality: An Application of Heads-Up Display Technology to Manual Manufacturing Processes. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.1992.183317"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherland, I.E. (1968, January 9\u201311). A Head-Mounted Three-Dimensional Display. Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1476589.1476686"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A Survey of Augmented Reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B. (2004). Procedures for Performing Systematic Reviews, Keele University. Technical Report 33."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103254","article-title":"From BIM to extended reality in AEC industry","volume":"116","author":"Alizadehsalehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101122","article-title":"A research agenda for augmented and virtual reality in architecture, engineering and construction","volume":"45","author":"Delgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forcael, E., Ferrari, I., Opazo-Vega, A., and Pulido-Arcas, J.A. (2020). Construction 4.0: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229755"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3002197","article-title":"Utilizing Industry 4.0 on the Construction Site: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, L., Wu, S., Zhang, G.K., Tan, Y., and Wang, X. (2021). Literature Review of Digital Twins Applications in Construction Workforce Safety. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010339"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noghabaei, M., Heydarian, A., Balali, V., and Han, K. (2020). Trend Analysis on Adoption of Virtual and Augmented Reality in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industry. Data, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/data5010026"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122908","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007206","article-title":"Integration of Industry 4.0 Related Technologies in Construction Industry: A Framework of Cyber-Physical System","volume":"8","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020079","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001844","article-title":"Augmented and Virtual Reality in Construction: Drivers and Limitations for Industry Adoption","volume":"146","author":"Oyedele","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coupry, C., Noblecourt, S., Richard, P., Baudry, D., and Bigaud, D. (2021). BIM-Based Digital Twin and XR Devices to Improve Maintenance Procedures in Smart Buildings: A Literature Review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11156810"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-04-2017-0066","article-title":"Digital skin of the construction site Smart sensor technologies towards the future smart construction site","volume":"26","author":"Edirisinghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2025, November 16). Which Countries Spend the Most on Construction?. Available online: https:\/\/www.buildingradar.com\/construction-blog\/which-countries-spend-the-most-on-construction\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (2025, November 16). Global Construction Monitor: Q4 2023. Technical Report, RICS. Available online: https:\/\/www.rics.org\/content\/dam\/ricsglobal\/documents\/market-surveys\/global-construction-monitors\/rics-global-construction-monitor-q4-2023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratajczak, J., Riedl, M., and Matt, D.T. (2019). BIM-based and AR Application Combined with Location-Based Management System for the Improvement of the Construction Performance. Buildings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings9050118"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.04.020","article-title":"Collaborative Welding System using BIM for Robotic Reprogramming and Spatial Augmented Reality","volume":"106","author":"Tavares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103487","article-title":"A multi-user collaborative BIM-AR system to support design and construction","volume":"122","author":"Garbett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenais, A., Ariaratnam, S.T., Ayer, S.K., and Smilovsky, N. (2019). Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Augmented Reality for Mapping Underground Utilities. Infrastructures, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures4040060"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.105009","article-title":"Can mixed reality enhance safety communication on construction sites? An industry perspective","volume":"133","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019049","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001683","article-title":"Design Assessment in Virtual and Mixed Reality Environments: Comparison of Novices and Experts","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, S., Cho, C.S., Song, J., Lee, K., Lee, S., and Kwon, S. (2021). Smart Facility Management System Based on Open BIM and Augmented Reality Technology. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112110283"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"441","article-title":"Potentials of Augmented Reality in a bim Based Building Submission Process","volume":"26","author":"Schranz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzoor, B., Othman, I., Pomares, J.C., and Chong, H.Y. (2021). A Research Framework of Mitigating Construction Accidents in High-Rise Building Projects via Integrating Building Information Modeling with Emerging Digital Technologies. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188359"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May, K.W., Chandani, K.C., Ochoa, J.J., Gu, N., Walsh, J., Smith, R.T., and Thomas, B.H. (2022). The Identification, Development, and Evaluation of BIM-ARDM: A BIM-Based AR Defect Management System for Construction Inspections. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12020140"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghimien, D., Ngcobo, N., Aigbavboa, C., Dixit, S., Vatin, N.I., Kampani, S., and Khera, G.S. (2022). Barriers to Digital Technology Deployment in Value Management Practice. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12060731"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2023.2232470","article-title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) path planning and control assisted by Augmented Reality (AR): The case of indoor drones","volume":"62","author":"Mourtzis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104662","article-title":"Low-cost mobile augmented reality service for building information modeling","volume":"146","author":"Um","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Hurtado, J., Munoz-La Rivera, F., Mora-Serrano, J., Deraemaeker, A., and Valero, I. (2022). Proposal for the Deployment of an Augmented Reality Tool for Construction Safety Inspection. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12040500"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"58","article-title":"Use of augmented reality technology to enhance comprehension of construction assemblies","volume":"24","author":"Bademosi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.14716\/ijtech.v10i7.3278","article-title":"BIM Integration in Augmented Reality Model","volume":"10","author":"Chai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.105248","article-title":"From BIM to metaverse for AEC industry","volume":"160","author":"Hadavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103836","article-title":"Sensory augmentation for subsea robot teleoperation","volume":"145","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101363","article-title":"Feasibility of augmented reality technology for communication in the construction industry","volume":"50","author":"Harikrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104802","article-title":"Cognitive ergonomics-based Augmented Reality application for construction performance","volume":"149","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"128","article-title":"Augmented reality for enabling un- and under-trained individuals to complete specialty construction tasks","volume":"26","author":"Chalhoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bes, P., and Strzalkowski, P. (2024). Analysis of the Effectiveness of Safety Training Methods. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16072732"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104912","article-title":"Augmented Reality for high precision fabrication of Glued Laminated Timber beams","volume":"152","author":"Kyaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassereddine, H., Seo, K.W., Rybkowski, Z.K., Schranz, C., and Urban, H. (2021). Propositions for a Resilient, Post-COVID-19 Future for the AEC Industry. Front. Built Environ., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2021.687021"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.112180","article-title":"Modeling barriers to the adoption of metaverse in the construction industry: An application of fuzzy-DEMATEL approach","volume":"167","author":"Irfan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerger, A., Urban, H., and Schranz, C. (2023). Augmented Reality for Building Authorities: A Use Case Study in Austria. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13061462"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., and Jeong, J. (2022). Design and Implementation of OPC UA-Based VR\/AR Collaboration Model Using CPS Server for VR Engineering Process. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12157534"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, N.H., and Isnaeni, N.N. (2024). Integration of Augmented Reality and Building Information Modeling for Enhanced Construction Inspection-A Case Study. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14030612"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04024053","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-6106","article-title":"Integrating Large Language Models with Multimodal Virtual Reality Interfaces to Support Collaborative Human-Robot Construction Work","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, T., Greuter, S., Taylor, S., Aranda, G., and Mulvany, G.T. (2021, January 4\u20138). An Evaluation of Virtual Reality for Fear Arousal Safety Training in the Construction Industry. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct Proceedings (ISMAR-ADJUNCT 2021), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct54149.2021.00044"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105582","article-title":"Using Eye-Tracking to Measure Worker Situation Awareness in Augmented Reality","volume":"165","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1913","article-title":"Using the TOE theoretical framework to study the adoption of BIM-AR in a developing country: The case of Ghana","volume":"22","author":"Addy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser, B., Strobel, T., and Verl, A. (2021, January 26\u201328). Human-Robot Collaborative Workflows for Reconfigurable Fabrication Systems in Timber Prefabrication using Augmented Reality. Proceedings of the 2021 27th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/M2VIP49856.2021.9665011"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontovourkis, O., Georgiou, C., Stroumpoulis, A., Kounnis, C., Dionyses, C., and Bagdati, S. (2019, January 11\u201313). Implementing Augmented Reality for the Holographic Assembly of a Modular Shading Device. Proceedings of the 37th Conference on Education-and-Research-in-Computer-Aided-Architectural-Design-in-Europe (eCAADe)\/23rd Conference of the Iberoamerican-Society-Digital-Graphics (SIGraDi), Univ Porto, Fac Architecture, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2019.3.149"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"70","article-title":"Measuring The Impacts of Ar Hmd on Users\u2019 Situation Awareness During Wood Frame Assembly Tasks","volume":"28","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Kassis, R., Ayer, S.K., El Asmar, M., and Tang, P. (2022, January 9\u201312). Augmented Reality Communication on Active Construction Sites: A Pilot Study Exploring Non-Technological Factors. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress (CRC) on Project Management and Delivery, Contracts, and Design and Materials, Via Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Vecellio Construct Engn & Management Progr, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483961.126"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"27","article-title":"Augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality: A pragmatic view from diffusion of innovation","volume":"23","author":"Vo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2163693","article-title":"Configuring augmented reality users: Analysing YouTube commercials to understand industry expectations","volume":"43","author":"Wortmeier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1139\/cjce-2024-0217","article-title":"Integrating smart city technologies for sustainable pavement infrastructure","volume":"52","author":"Furtado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, M., and Tran, D. (2022, January 9\u201312). Exploring the Use of Mobile Technologies for Highway Construction Inspection. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress (CRC) on Project Management and Delivery, Contracts, and Design and Materials, Via Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Vecellio Construct Engn & Management Progr, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483961.072"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1847","article-title":"Examining the potential use of augmented reality in construction cost management tools and techniques","volume":"22","author":"Senanayake","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1108\/CI-08-2023-0213","article-title":"Implications of Construction 4.0 technologies to enhancing well-being: A fuzzy TOPSIS evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Shafei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Innov."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinradewo, O., Hafez, M., Aigbavboa, C., Ebekozien, A., Adekunle, P., and Otasowie, O. (2024). Innovating Built Environment Education to Achieve SDG 4: Key Drivers for Integrating Augmented Reality Technologies. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16198315"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s43251-024-00132-6","article-title":"Integrating building information modelling (BIM) and extended reality (XR) in the transportation infrastructure industry","volume":"5","author":"Alhady","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-024-06162-z","article-title":"Transformation of the AECO industry through the metaverse: Potentials and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Classen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3991\/ijep.v14i5.47473","article-title":"Augmented Reality for the Development and Reinforcement of Spatial Skills: A Case Applied to Civil Engineering Students","volume":"14","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Pedagog."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2024.106631","article-title":"Enhancing safety training engagement through immersive storytelling: A case study in the residential construction","volume":"179","author":"Isingizwe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linares-Garcia, D.A., Flores-Linares, G., and Roofigari-Esfahan, N. (2022, January 9\u201312). Framework and Case Studies for Context-Aware AR System (CaARS) for Ubiquitous Applications in the AEC Industry. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress (CRC) on Project Management and Delivery, Contracts, and Design and Materials, Via Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Vecellio Construct Engn & Management Progr, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483961.134"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2571","article-title":"Mapping the capabilities and benefits of AR construction use-cases: A comprehensive map","volume":"14","author":"Nassereddine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Organ. Technol. Manag. Constr."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Fregonese, L., Fassi, F., and Remondino, F. (2022, January 2\u20134). Scalable ar for bim on Telecommunication Network Sites. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on 3D-ARCH 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures, Mantua, Italy."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piaia, E., Turillazzi, B., Di Giulio, R., and Sebastian, R. (2024). Advancing the Decarbonization of the Construction Sector: Lifecycle Quality and Performance Assurance of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.0488.v1"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayebi, A., Abbasianjahromi, H., and Aghakarimi, M. (Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag., 2025). Using a hybrid method to assess the consequence of hazards on the project success factors, Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag., ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-08-2023-0806"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, L., Htet, H.T., Lee, Y.J., and Park, M.W. (2024). Augmented Reality Framework for Retrieving Information of Moving Objects on Construction Sites. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14072089"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assumpcao, J.P.F., and Cuperschmid, A.R.M. (2024). Exploring Georeferenced Augmented Reality for Architectural Visualization with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. ISPRS Int. J. GEO-Inf., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13110389"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komolafe, O.O., Waugh, L., Brett, C.A., Lei, Z., Bateman, S., Pournasir, P., and Rea, D.J. (2024, January 7\u20138). The Effect of Augmented Reality on Performance, Task Loading, and Situation Awareness in Construction Inspection Tasks. Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on Spatial User Interaction (SUI), Trier, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3677386.3682082"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/civileng5010001","article-title":"Scene Understanding for Dimensional Compliance Checks in Mixed-Reality","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Civileng"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitner, C., Ganz, W., Satterfield, D., and Bassano, C. (2021). Exploring Disciplinary Technologies for Increased Accessibility in the Civil Engineering and Construction Industry: Starting the Conversation. Advances in the Human Side of Service Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80840-2"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"108","article-title":"Rethinking Digital Construction: A Collaborative Future of Humans, Machines and Craft","volume":"94","author":"Mitterberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archit. Des."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramprasad, R., Priya, S.R., and Narayanan, J. (2024, January 9\u201310). Augmenting Blueprints: A Mobile AR Viewer for Architectural Prototypes. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Applied Informatics (ACCAI), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCAI61061.2024.10602426"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4013\/arq.2022.182.03","article-title":"Hmds for Augmented Reality In Aeco: Fundamental Features for Device Selection","volume":"18","author":"Skubs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arquitetura Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suo, J., Waje, S., Gunturu, V.K.T., Patlolla, A., Martani, C., and Dib, H.N. (2024). The rise of digitalization in constructions: State-of-the-art in the use of sensing technology for advanced building-assistance systems. Front. Built Environ., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2024.1378699"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavelka, K., Pavelka, K., and Beloch, L. (2025). A Reconstruction of the Shrine of the Prophet Nahum: An Analysis of 3D Documentation Methods and Data Transfer Technology for Virtual and Augmented Realities. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15021000"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"209","article-title":"Modelo conceptual de an\u00e1lisis de fallas para edificios basado en WSN, BIM y realidad aumentada m\u00f3vil, Conceptual model of fault analysis for buildings based in WSN, BIM and mobile augmented reality","volume":"40","author":"Lobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cienc. Ing."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1839","article-title":"A Review on Using Opportunities of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Construction Project Management","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organ. Technol. Manag. Constr. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"161","article-title":"Technology acceptance model for augmented reality and building information modeling integration in the construction industry","volume":"25","author":"Elshafey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-06-2020-0077","article-title":"Toward digitalization in the construction industry with immersive and drones technologies: A critical literature review","volume":"10","author":"Elghaish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2022.101863","article-title":"Extended reality applications in industry 4.0.\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"73","author":"Reta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105925","article-title":"Virtual reality application for construction safety training","volume":"157","author":"Rokooei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"319","article-title":"Improving Construction Safety with Virtual-Design Construction Technologies\u2014A review","volume":"26","author":"Afzal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prebanic, K.R., and Vukomanovic, M. (2021). Realizing the Need for Digital Transformation of Stakeholder Management: A Systematic Review in the Construction Industry. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212690"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6716987","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6716987","article-title":"Imperative Role of Technology Intervention and Implementation for Automation in the Construction Industry","volume":"2022","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catbas, F.N., Luleci, F., Zakaria, M., Bagci, U., LaViola, J.J., Cruz-Neira, C., and Reiners, D. (2022). Extended Reality (XR) for Condition Assessment of Civil Engineering Structures: A Literature Review. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239560"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1108\/CI-01-2022-0007","article-title":"Augmented reality in design and construction: Thematic analysis and conceptual frameworks","volume":"22","author":"Hajirasouli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Innov."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-06-2021-0476","article-title":"Determinants of immersive technology acceptance in the construction industry: Management perspective","volume":"30","author":"Okoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassereddine, H., Hanna, A.S., Veeramani, D., and Lotfallah, W. (2022). Augmented Reality in the Construction Industry: Use-Cases, Benefits, Obstacles, and Future Trends. Front. Built Environ., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2022.730094"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-06-2022-0128","article-title":"Applications of augmented reality for construction productivity improvement: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Adebowale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"308","article-title":"A review of augmented reality applied to underground construction","volume":"25","author":"Fenais","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.H., Ghasemi, A., Dai, F., and Ryu, J. (2023). Review of Emerging Technologies for Reducing Ergonomic Hazards in Construction Workplaces. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13122967"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-01-2022-0015","article-title":"VR and AR in construction management research: Bibliometric and descriptive analyses","volume":"12","author":"Guray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.105107","article-title":"Augmented reality technologies in construction project assembly phases","volume":"156","author":"Alkan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1108\/CI-05-2022-0131","article-title":"Extended reality (XR) technologies in the construction safety: Systematic review and analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zoleykani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Innov."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2209838","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review of Augmented Reality for Maritime Collaboration","volume":"40","author":"Fjeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-023-10018-x","article-title":"Specific Soft Computing Strategies for the Digitalization of Infrastructure and its Sustainability: A Comprehensive Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Negi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salinas, D., Munoz-La Rivera, F., and Mora-Serrano, J. (2022). Critical Analysis of the Evaluation Methods of Extended Reality (XR) Experiences for Construction Safety. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215272"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102382","article-title":"A state-of-the-art analysis of virtual reality applications in construction health and safety","volume":"23","author":"Akindele","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2024.106624","article-title":"Applications and effectiveness of augmented reality in safety training: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Kassis, R., Ayer, S.K., and El Asmar, M. (2023). Augmented Reality Applications for Synchronized Communication in Construction: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137614"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-07-2022-0149","article-title":"BIM-enabled virtual reality (VR)-based pedagogical framework in architectural design studios","volume":"13","author":"Hajirasouli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maqsoom, A., Zulqarnain, M., Irfan, M., Ullah, F., Alqahtani, F.K., and Khan, K.I.A. (2023). Drivers of, and Barriers to, the Adoption of Mixed Reality in the Construction Industry of Developing Countries. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13040872"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-07-2022-0151","article-title":"State-of-the-art analysis of the integration of augmented reality with construction technologies to improve construction safety","volume":"13","author":"Lovreglio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2024.102798","article-title":"Augmented reality applications in construction productivity: A systematic literature review","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108575","article-title":"Case studies of eXtended reality combined with Building Information Modeling: A literature review","volume":"84","author":"Bressan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"720","article-title":"Contextualizing Benefits and Limitations Reported for Augmented Reality in Construction Research","volume":"26","author":"Chalhoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsharef, A., Ovid, A., Uddin, S.M.J., and Albert, A. (2024, January 20\u201323). Biggest Challenges Facing the Construction Industry. Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Conference of the Construction Research Congress (CRC)\/Construction-Institute (CI) Summit, Iowa State Univ, Des Moines, IA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784485286.065"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Assila, A., Dhouib, A., Monla, Z., and Zghal, M. (July, January 26). Integration of Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Reality with Building Information Modeling: A Systematic Review. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (VAMR) Held as Part of the 24th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII), Electr Network, Virtual."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-023-10042-x","article-title":"A Critical Review of How EXtended Reality (XR) has Addressed Key Factors Influencing Safety on Construction Projects (fSCPs)","volume":"31","author":"Onate","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1108\/CI-08-2022-0196","article-title":"Implementation of augmented reality in BIM-enabled construction projects: A bibliometric literature review and a case study from China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Innov."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Lee, J.K., Son, M.J., Yu, C., Lee, J., and Kim, S. (2024). Unlocking the Potential of Digital Twins in Construction: A Systematic and Quantitative Review Using Text Mining. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14030702"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04024078","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-14679","article-title":"Quantifying the Impact of Technology Utilization on Schedule and Cost Performance in Construction Projects","volume":"150","author":"Salih","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassereddine, H., Hanna, A.S., and Veeramani, D. (2020, January 8\u201310). Augmented Reality in the Construction Industry: An Industry\u2019s Perspective of Its Users, Phases, and Future Trends. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress (CRC) on Construction Research and Innovation to Transform Society, Arizona State Univ, Del E Webb Sch Construct, Tempe, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482865.079"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Tang, C., Zhang, T., Zhang, Z., and Doan, D.T. (2024). Digital Twins in Construction: Architecture, Applications, Trends and Challenges. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14092616"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okonta, E.D., Vukovic, V., and Hayat, E. (2024). Prospective Directions in the Computer Systems Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for Shaping Data Exchange in the Sustainability and Resilience of Cities. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13122297"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"444","article-title":"Investigating the influence of ict application in construction jobsites: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"29","author":"Toyin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"347","article-title":"Developing an integrated digital delivery framework for designing and planning construction projects: A review of interoperable digital technologies","volume":"25","author":"Larbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Constr. Manag."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Wang, Q.C., Wei, H.H., and Chen, J.H. (2024). Extended Reality (XR) Training in the Construction Industry: A Content Review. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14020414"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2818","article-title":"Extended reality (XR)\u2014A magic box of digitalization in driving sustainable development of the construction industry: A critical review","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101134","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3281265","article-title":"Maturity Evaluation Methods for BIM-Based AR\/VR in Construction Industry: A Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Monla","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105895","article-title":"Augmented reality in US Construction: Trends and future directions","volume":"170","author":"Toyin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balali, V., Guo, X., Fathi, S., and Heydarian, A. (2022, January 9\u201312). Perceptions of Augmented and Virtual Reality Technologies Adoption within the AEC Industry. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress (CRC) on Project Management and Delivery, Contracts, and Design and Materials, Via Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Vecellio Construct Engn & Management Progr, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483961.112"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"625","article-title":"Digital technologies (DTs) for safety education and training in construction","volume":"78","author":"Chellappa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Work. J. Prev. Assess. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105620","article-title":"Challenges of on-site implementation of mixed reality technology in the AECO industry","volume":"166","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/civileng5010014","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Automated Construction Inspection and Progress Monitoring (ACIPM): Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"5","author":"Samsami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Civileng"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, N., Tran, D., and Sturgill, R. (2024). Content Analysis of Three-Dimensional Model Technologies and Applications for Construction: Current Trends and Future Directions. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123838"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22720","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22720","article-title":"Critical analysis of the use of extended reality XR for training in civil engineering","volume":"32","author":"Martinez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-020-09455-9","article-title":"Methodological-Technological Framework for Construction 4.0","volume":"28","author":"Valero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"395","article-title":"Revolutionizing construction engineering education: A virtual reality approach for enhanced training and optimization","volume":"27","author":"Raut","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stat. Manag. Syst."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-020-00050-0","article-title":"Bibliometric review of visual computing in the construction industry","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111186","article-title":"Augmented reality-based knowledge transfer for facility management: A systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2024.2343800","article-title":"Applications of artificial intelligence in the AEC industry: A review and future outlook","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassigh, S., Bogosian, B., and Peterson, E. (2023, January 24). Performance-Driven VR Learning for Robotics. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8405-3_30"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandi, I., Musonda, I., and Alowo, R. (2025, January 17\u201319). Exploring Cost Factors hindering Augmented Reality Adoption for Construction Worker Protection. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Transportation Engineering, ICCSTE 2025, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.11159\/iccste25.104"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1389","article-title":"The Role of Augmented Reality (AR) in Enhancing Construction Site Visualization and Planning","volume":"13","author":"Alowa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/15\/1\/225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T09:52:05Z","timestamp":1767693125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/15\/1\/225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["electronics15010225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics15010225","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-9292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]}}}