{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:11:52Z","timestamp":1774285912363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolution of the Internet and has been gaining increased attention from researchers in both academic and industrial environments. Successive technological enhancements make the development of intelligent systems with a high capacity for communication and data collection possible, providing several opportunities for numerous IoT applications, particularly healthcare systems. Despite all the advantages, there are still several open issues that represent the main challenges for IoT, e.g., accessibility, portability, interoperability, information security, and privacy. IoT provides important characteristics to healthcare systems, such as availability, mobility, and scalability, that offer an architectural basis for numerous high technological healthcare applications, such as real-time patient monitoring, environmental and indoor quality monitoring, and ubiquitous and pervasive information access that benefits health professionals and patients. The constant scientific innovations make it possible to develop IoT devices through countless services for sensing, data fusing, and logging capabilities that lead to several advancements for enhanced living environments (ELEs). This paper reviews the current state of the art on IoT architectures for ELEs and healthcare systems, with a focus on the technologies, applications, challenges, opportunities, open-source platforms, and operating systems. Furthermore, this document synthesizes the existing body of knowledge and identifies common threads and gaps that open up new significant and challenging future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8101081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T03:51:18Z","timestamp":1569383478000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Internet of Things Architectures, Technologies, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions for Enhanced Living Environments and Healthcare Systems: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Avenida Doutor Francisco S\u00e1 Carneiro N 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3 6201-001, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Pitarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Avenida Doutor Francisco S\u00e1 Carneiro N 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3195-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"M. Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3 6201-001, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Pombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3 6201-001, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, September 07). Universal Open Platform and Reference Specification for Ambient Assisted Living. Available online: http:\/\/ https:\/\/www.universaal.info\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dohr, A., Modre-Opsrian, R., Drobics, M., Hayn, D., and Schreier, G. (2010, January 12\u201314). 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