{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:23:46Z","timestamp":1775067826296,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports on a complete end-to-end 5G mmWave testbed fully reconfigurable based on a FPGA architecture. The proposed system is composed of a baseband\/low-IF processing unit, and a mmWave RF front-end at both TX\/RX ends. In particular, the baseband unit design is based on a typical agile digital IF architecture, enabling on-the-fly modulations up to 256-QAM. The real-time 5G mmWave testbed, herein presented, adopts OFDM as the transmission scheme waveform, which was assessed OTA by considering the key performance indicators, namely EVM and BER. A detailed overview of system architecture is addressed together with the hardware considerations taken into account for the mmWave testbed development. Following this, it is demonstrated that the proposed testbed enables real-time multi-stream transmissions of UHD video content captured by nine individual cameras, which is in fact one of the killing applications for 5G.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8121490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T10:41:44Z","timestamp":1575628904000},"page":"1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Software-Defined Radio for Future Wireless Communication Systems at 60 GHz"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8457-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Eletronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0257-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TWEVO Lda., 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael F. S.","family":"Caldeirinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2692307","article-title":"5G:A Tutorial Overview of Standards, Trials, Challenges, Deployment, and Practice","volume":"35","author":"Shafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quadri, A., Zeng, H., and Hou, Y.T. (May, January 29). A Real-Time mmWave Communication Testbed with Phase Noise Cancellation. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2019\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2019.8845251"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2414815","article-title":"Open Source SDR Frontend and Measurements for 60-GHz Wireless Experimentation","volume":"3","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2018.09.005","article-title":"X60: A Programmable Testbed for Wideband 60 GHz WLANs with Phased Arrays","volume":"133","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Stewart, R.W., Barlee, K.W., Atkinson, D.S.W., and Crockett, L.H. (2015). Software Defined Radio Using MATLAB & Simulink and the RTL-SDR, Strathclyde Academic Media."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2017.2713306","article-title":"Wireless Receiver Architectures Towards 5G: Where Are We?","volume":"17","author":"Bronckers","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2017, October 18). Software-Defined Radio. Available online: https:\/\/www.winradio.com\/home\/facts.htm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2006.884574","article-title":"Measuring the Gap Between FPGAs and ASICs","volume":"26","author":"Kuon","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2017, March 08). Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Available online: https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/silicon-devices\/fpga\/what-is-an-fpga.html."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Malachy Devlin (2012). VITA 57 (FMC) opens the I\/O pipe to FPGAs, Forasach."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Paper, W. (2009). I\/O Design Flexibility with the FPGA Megazzine Card (FMC), Xilinx. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2019, November 06). Xilinx Ultrascale. Available online: https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/documentation\/selection-guides\/ultrascale-plus-fpga-product-selection-guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2019, November 06). Xilinx VC707. Available online: https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/boards-and-kits\/ek-v7-vc707-g.html."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2019, November 06). 4DSP FMC126. Available online: http:\/\/www.4dsp.com\/{FMC}126.php."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2019, November 06). 4DSP FMC230. Available online: http:\/\/www.4dsp.com\/{FMC}230.php."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"UM009 FMC12x (2014). FMC122\/FMC125\/FMC126: User Manual, 4DSP. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"UM023 FMC230 (2015). FMC230: User Manual, 4DSP. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2017, January 08). EV10AQ190 Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.teledyne-e2v.com\/resources\/account\/download-datasheet\/1735."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"AD9129 (2017). 11-\/14-Bit, 5.7 GSPS, RF Digital-to-Analog Converter, Analog Devices. Data Sheet."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"AD9517 (2013). 12-Output Clock Generator with Integrated 2.8 GHz VCO, Analog Devices. Data Sheet."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"UG940 (2017). Vivado Design Suite Tutorial: Embedded Processor Hardware Design, Xilinx. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"UG761 (2011). AXI Reference Guide, Xilinx. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"PCA9548A (2015). Low Voltage 8-Channel I2C Switch with Reset, Texas Instruments. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Mittal, S., Gupta, S., and Dasgupta, S. (2008, January 11\u201314). System Generator: The State-of-art FPGA Design tool for DSP Applications. Proceedings of Third International Innovative Conference On Embedded Systems, Mobile Communication And Computing (ICEMC2 2008), Pesimsr, India."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Paper, W. (2012). Model-Based Design with Simulink, and Xilinx System Generator for DSP, MathWorks. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/5.52200","article-title":"Multirate digital filters, filter banks, polyphase networks, and applications: A tutorial","volume":"78","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mertins, A., and Mertins, D.A. (1999). Signal Analysis: Wavelets, Filter Banks, Time-Frequency Transforms and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Chapter 6."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.911490","article-title":"Filter Bank Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radios","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, R.C., Gomes, L.D.A.H., and Caldeirinha, R.F.S. (2019). Multi-Gigabit\/s OFDM real-time based transceiver engine aiming at emerging 5G MIMO applications. Phys. Commun., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2019.100957"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-017-0939-x","article-title":"A Software-defined Radio FPGA Implementation of OFDM-based PHY Transceiver for 5G","volume":"91","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analog. Integr. Circuits Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2013.6704471","article-title":"WiFi on Steroids: 802.11ac and 802.11AD","volume":"20","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2763156","article-title":"Demonstration of IFoF-Based Mobile Fronthaul in 5G Prototype With 28-GHz Millimeter wave","volume":"36","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obara, T., Okuyama, T., Aoki, Y., Suyama, S., Lee, J., and Okumura, Y. (September, January 30). Indoor and outdoor experimental trials in 28-GHz band for 5G wireless communication systems. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Hong Kong, China,.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2015.7343415"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashino, J., Satoh, K., Suyama, S., Inoue, Y., and Okumura, Y. (2017, January 4\u20137). 5G Experimental Trial of 28 GHz Band Super Wideband Transmission Using Beam Tracking in Super High Mobility Environment. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2017.8108644"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2017, June 30). Final Radio Interface Concepts and Evaluations for Mm-Wave Mobile Communications. Deliverable D4.2; Project Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for Fifth Generation Integrated Communications (mmMAGIC). Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com.hk\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwiI07j-85_mAhURyIsBHQbmCC8QFjAAegQIAxAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbscw.5g-mmmagic.eu%2Fpub%2Fbscw.cgi%2Fd214055%2FmmMAGIC_D4.2.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3ly2g-tqAOmzKiKjsl9UcY."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, J., and Assuncao, P.A.A. (2019, January 1\u20134). Low-complexity acquisition of 180-degree panoramic video using early data reduction. Proceedings of the IEEE EUROCON 2019\u201418th International Conference on Smart Technologies, Novi Sad, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2019.8861587"}],"container-title":["Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/8\/12\/1490\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:53Z","timestamp":1760190053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/8\/12\/1490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["electronics8121490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics8121490","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]}}}