{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:45:42Z","timestamp":1760237142978,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020","UIDB\/00408\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020","UIDB\/00408\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FITEC - Programa Interface","award":["CIT \"INOV - INESC Inova\u00e7\u00e3o - Financiamento Base\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIT \"INOV - INESC Inova\u00e7\u00e3o - Financiamento Base\""]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electronics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks (VDTNs) are networks of vehicles that communicate wirelessly, where there are no permanent end-to-end connections. VDTNs have a highly variable topology, with frequent partitions, and possibly low node density. Thus, delay-tolerant routing adopts a store-carry-and-forward message transfer paradigm, where messages have a useful Time-To-Live (TTL) and are stored until a good contact opportunity arises. Multiple message replicas can be generated to improve delivery probability at the cost of increasing network congestion. In this paper, we propose the V-GRADIENT geocast routing protocol that monitors node density, buffer occupancy, and interest in geocast groups, to adapt the forwarding techniques used dynamically, to disseminate messages within the geographic region of interest. Simulation results show that the V-GRADIENT is capable of controlling network congestion and efficiently delivering messages resulting in better delivery ratios, lower latencies, and a small increase in overhead when compared with existing protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9030477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T08:58:59Z","timestamp":1584089939000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Congestion-Aware Geocast Routing in Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID\/INOV, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naercio","family":"Magaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LASIGE, Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.042512.00053","article-title":"Routing in delay\/disruption tolerant networks: A taxonomy, survey and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2004.5342238","article-title":"A survey of geocast routing protocols","volume":"6","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazzi, A., Masini, B.M., Zanella, A., and Ilaria Thibault, I. (2016, January 4\u20138). Beaconing from Connected Vehicles: IEEE 802.11p vs. LTE-V2V. Proceedings of the IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) IEEE (2016), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2016.7794598"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2644609","article-title":"Relay Selection Analysis for an Opportunistic Two-Hop Multi-User System in a Poisson Field of Nodes","volume":"16","author":"Zanella","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. 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