{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:13:11Z","timestamp":1777457591043,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["IF01772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF01772"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigates the hydrodynamics and heat transfer behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification in a pilot scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. A multiphase 2-D numerical model following an Eulerian-Eulerian approach within the FLUENT framework was implemented. User defined functions (UDFs) were coupled to improve hydrodynamics and heat transfer phenomena, and to minimize deviations between the experimental and numerical results. A grid independence study was accomplished through comparison of the bed volume fraction profiles and by reasoning the grid accuracy and computational cost. The standard deviation concept was used to determine the mixing quality indexes. Simulated results showed that UDFs improvements increased the accuracy of the mathematical model. Smaller size ratio of the MSW-dolomite mixture revealed a more uniform mixing, and larger ratios enhanced segregation. Also, increased superficial gas velocity promoted the solid particles mixing. Heat transfer within the fluidized bed showed strong dependence on the MSW solid particles sizes, with smaller particles revealing a more effective process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en10111773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T12:39:20Z","timestamp":1509712760000},"page":"1773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hydrodynamic Modelling of Municipal Solid Waste Residues in a Pilot Scale Fluidized Bed Reactor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C3i\u2014Interdisciplinary Center for Research and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2846-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C3i\u2014Interdisciplinary Center for Research and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI-FEUP, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Eus\u00e9bio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C3i\u2014Interdisciplinary Center for Research and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C3i\u2014Interdisciplinary Center for Research and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matteo, U.D., Nastasi, B., Albo, A., and Garcia, D.A. 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