{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:46:39Z","timestamp":1770338799736,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considering the limitations of traditional energy-saving policies, a kind of energy conservation method called the Information Feedback to Residential Electricity Load Customers, which could impact the demand response capacity, has increasingly received more attention. However, most of the current feedback programs provide the same feedback information to all customers regardless of their diverse characteristics, which may reduce the energy-saving effects or even backfire. This paper attempts to investigate how different types of customers may change their behaviors under a set of customized feedback. We conducted a field survey study in Qinhuangdao (QHD), China. First, we conducted semi-structured interviews to classify four groups of customers of different energy-saving awareness, energy-saving potential, and behavioral variability. Then, 156 QHD households were surveyed using scenarios to collect feedback of different scenarios. Social science theories were used to guide the discussion on the behavior changes as a result of different feedback strategies and reveal the reasons for customers\u2019 behaviors. Using the Chi-Square test of independence, the variables that have strong correlations with the categories of residents are extracted to provide references for residents\u2019 classification. Finally, the practical implications and needs for future research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en11040770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T05:26:37Z","timestamp":1522301197000},"page":"770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Impact Analysis of Customized Feedback Interventions on Residential Electricity Load Consumption Behavior for Demand Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7332-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}]},{"given":"Yili","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Policy, Organization and Leadership, College of Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-5355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miadreza","family":"Shafie-khah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C-MAST, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilha\u0303, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joa\u0303o","family":"Catala\u0303o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C-MAST, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilha\u0303, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Te\u0301cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, H., MacGill, I.F., and Sproul, A.B. (2015, January 3\u20136). Impact of feedback interventions on residential electricity demand in Australia\u2019s first large scale smart grid project. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT ASIA), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT-Asia.2015.7387090"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobman, E.V., Stenner, K., and Frederiks, E.R. (2017). Exploring everyday energy usage practices in Australian households: A qualitative analysis. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10091332"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, L., and Sager, J. (2017). Energy Consumption and Energy-Related CO2 Emissions from China\u2019s Petrochemical Industry Based on an Environmental Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10101585"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2013). IEA Electricity Information. IEA Stat., 1\u2013708."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"S332","article-title":"Technical and Economic Evaluations about the Integration of Co-Trigeneration Systems in the Dairy Industry","volume":"34","author":"Cannistraro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.18280\/ijht.330421","article-title":"Evaluation on the convenience of a citizen service district heating for residential use. A new scenario introduced by high efficiency energy systems","volume":"33","author":"Cannistraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oprea, S.-V., B\u00e2ra, A., and Reveiu, A. (2018). Informatics solution for energy efficiency improvement and consumption management of householders. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11010138"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7788(94)00912-4","article-title":"Measured energy savings from a more informative energy bill","volume":"22","author":"Wilhite","year":"1995","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enterprises, M. (2017). Identification of Financing Barriers to Energy Efficiency in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises by Integrating the Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy DEMATEL Approaches. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10081172"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.03.011","article-title":"Dynamic salience with intermittent billing: Evidence from smart electricity meters","volume":"107","author":"Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev. Univ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2005.09.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of an energy-consumption information system for residential buildings","volume":"83","author":"Ueno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.08.029","article-title":"An experimental study on motivational change for electricity conservation by normative messages","volume":"158","author":"Komatsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.03.003","article-title":"Social norms and energy conservation","volume":"95","author":"Allcott","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4236\/ojee.2013.21002","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Energy Feedback for Conservation and Peak Demand: A Literature Review","volume":"2","author":"Vine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J. Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2009.07.042","article-title":"The impact of informational feedback on energy consumption\u2014A survey of the experimental evidence","volume":"35","author":"Faruqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2435708","article-title":"Load Scheduling and Power Trading in Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Resources","volume":"7","author":"Samadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2010.494832","article-title":"Home energy monitors: Impact over the medium-term","volume":"38","author":"Bakker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.10.010","article-title":"Consumer preferences for feedback on household electricity consumption","volume":"43","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.01.060","article-title":"Effects of continuous feedback on households\u2019 electricity consumption: Potentials and barriers","volume":"122","author":"Nilsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2014.07.007","article-title":"Reducing household electricity demand through smart metering: The role of improved information about energy saving","volume":"45","author":"Carroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.01.049","article-title":"Feedback on electricity usage for home energy management: A social experiment in a local village of cold region","volume":"120","author":"Matsui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2006.06.009","article-title":"Energy-use information transfer for intelligent homes: Enabling energy conservation with central and local displays","volume":"39","author":"Wood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siebert, L.C., Sbicca, A., Aoki, A.R., and Lambert-Torres, G. (2017). A behavioral economics approach to residential electricity consumption. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10060768"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2693121","article-title":"Dynamic Price Vector Formation Model-Based Automatic Demand Response Strategy for PV-Assisted EV Charging Stations","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zhou, L., Ren, H., Liu, X., Talari, S., Shafie-khah, M., and Catalao, J.P.S. (2017). Multi-objective Optimization Model of Source-Load-Storage Synergetic Dispatch for Building Energy System Based on TOU Price Demand Response. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.2017.8101713"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.01.103","article-title":"The values of market-based demand response on improving power system reliability under extreme circumstances","volume":"193","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.10.002","article-title":"Solar irradiance feature extraction and support vector machines based weather status pattern recognition model for short-term photovoltaic power forecasting","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3390\/en5051355","article-title":"Short-term solar irradiance forecasting model based on artificial neural network using statistical feature parameters","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2309053","article-title":"When bias matters: An economic assessment of demand response baselines for residential customers","volume":"5","author":"Wijaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1240","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318204f987","article-title":"Spinal appearance questionnaire: Factor analysis, scoring, reliability, and validity testing","volume":"36","author":"Carreon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x","article-title":"A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity","volume":"28","author":"Lawshe","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, F., Yu, H., Zhao, B., Hao, Y., and Wang, J. (2011, January 23\u201325). Identification method research of invalid questionnaire based on partial least squares regression. Proceedings of the 2011 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), Mianyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2011.5968370"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Enders, C.K. (2010). Applied Missing Data Analysis, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.04.052","article-title":"Determinants of high electrical energy demand in UK homes: Socio-economic and dwelling characteristics","volume":"101","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.07.046","article-title":"Residential electricity consumption behavior: Influencing factors, related theories and intervention strategies","volume":"81","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.04.063","article-title":"An empirically grounded model for simulating normative energy use feedback interventions","volume":"173","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017007","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000651","article-title":"Multilayer Agent-Based Modeling and Social Network Framework to Evaluate Energy Feedback Methods for Groups of Buildings","volume":"31","author":"Azar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/4\/770\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:58:51Z","timestamp":1760194731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/4\/770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["en11040770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11040770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]}}}