{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T04:40:15Z","timestamp":1766983215052,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,3]],"date-time":"2018-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a mathematical linear expansion model for the probabilistic Multistage Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement (MPP) in which zero-injection buses (ZIBs), as well as communication channel limitations, are taken into consideration. From the linearization perspective, presenting a model formulizing the probabilistic concept of observability while modelling the ZIB is of great significance, and has been done in this paper for the first time. More importantly, the proposed probabilistic MPP utilizes a technique disregarding the prevalent subsidiary optimizations for each planning stage. Although this technique, in turn, increases the problem complexity with manifold variables, it guarantees the global optimal solution in a wider and thorough search space; while in the prevalent methods, some parts of the search space might be missed. Furthermore, the proposed model indicates more realistic aspects of the MPP where system operators are allowed to follow their intention about the importance of buses such as strategic ones based on monitoring the priority principles. In addition, the model is capable of considering the network topology changes due to long-term expansions over the planning horizon. Finally, in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed formulation, the model is conducted on the IEEE 57-bus standard test system and the large scale 2383-bus Polish power system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T08:40:39Z","timestamp":1528101639000},"page":"1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dual Enhancement of Power System Monitoring: Improved Probabilistic Multi-Stage PMU Placement with an Increased Search Space &amp; Mathematical Linear Expansion to Consider Zero-Injection Bus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6959-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Wadi Addawaser, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 11991 Wadi Addawaser, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Aswan Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, 81542 Aswan, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Seyed-Ehsan","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, 97175-615 Birjand, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1484-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Sadegh","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, 71993-4 Shiraz, Iran"}]},{"given":"Foad H.","family":"Gandoman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETEC Department &amp; MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium"},{"name":"Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2546-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shady H.E.","family":"Abdel Aleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 15th of May Higher Institute of Engineering, 11731 Cairo, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,3]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monti, A., Sadu, A., and Tang, J. 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