{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:07:55Z","timestamp":1775786875099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/91894\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/91894\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, brewers\u2019 spent grains (BSG) were evaluated and studied in order to obtain a combustible gas by means of allothermal steam gasification. BSG were preprocessed in a rotary dryer and a pelletizer prior to gasification in an indirectly heated batch reactor. BSG characterization was conducted by means of proximate, ultimate, and thermogravimetric analysis, allowing us to conclude that BSG have characteristics comparable to those of regular lignocellulosic biomasses. Gasification tests were performed in an allothermal bench-scale batch reactor in order to determine the effect of temperature and steam-to-biomass ratio (S\/B) in the produced gas. The produced gas was mainly composed of 22.8\u201330.2% H2, 15.1\u201322.3% CO, and 7.2\u201311.1% CH4, contributing to a heating value of 8.11\u20139.0 MJ\/Nm3 with the higher values found for a low S\/B ratio and for high temperatures. The performance of the process was assessed by evaluating the cold gas and carbon conversion efficiencies. These indicators were found to be in the ranges 47.0%\u201352.1% and 57.0%\u201362.7%, respectively. The main conclusion of this work is that the produced gas obtained from BSG steam gasification has sufficient quality to open other options to beer producers to use their own brewing wastes to satisfy their energy needs, allowing them to progress toward the circular economy concept.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12050912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1552044119000},"page":"912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Experimental Analysis of Brewers\u2019 Spent Grains Steam Gasification in an Allothermal Batch Reactor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CT2M\u2014Centre for Mechanical and Materials Technologies, Mechanical Engineering Department of Minho University, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3904-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliseu","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA-Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorisation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"CIENER-LAETA\/Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA-Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorisation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CT2M\u2014Centre for Mechanical and Materials Technologies, Mechanical Engineering Department of Minho University, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA-Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorisation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e2ndida","family":"Vilarinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CT2M\u2014Centre for Mechanical and Materials Technologies, Mechanical Engineering Department of Minho University, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GES (2018, December 10). 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