{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1771333723565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase of variable renewable energy generation has brought several new challenges to power and energy systems. Solutions based on storage systems and consumption flexibility are being proposed to balance the variability from generation sources that depend directly on environmental conditions. The widespread use of electric vehicles is seen as a resource that includes both distributed storage capabilities and the potential for consumption (charging) flexibility. However, to take advantage of the full potential of electric vehicles\u2019 flexibility, it is essential that proper incentives are provided and that the management is performed with the variation of generation. This paper presents a research study on the impact of the variation of the electricity prices on the behavior of electric vehicle\u2019s users. This study compared the benefits when using the variable and fixed charging prices. The variable prices are determined based on the calculation of distribution locational marginal pricing, which are recalculated and adapted continuously accordingly to the users\u2019 trips and behavior. A travel simulation tool was developed for simulating real environments taking into account the behavior of real users. Results show that variable-rate of electricity prices demonstrate to be more advantageous to the users, enabling them to reduce charging costs while contributing to the required flexibility for the system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12081470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T11:58:21Z","timestamp":1555588701000},"page":"1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Electric Vehicles\u2019 User Charging Behaviour Simulator for a Smart City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Canizes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Center\u2014Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Center\u2014Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Center\u2014Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8638-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Lezama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Center\u2014Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4560-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zita","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2019, April 17). 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