{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T17:27:44Z","timestamp":1771867664509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3G052716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3G052716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to improve the design of scour protection around offshore wind turbine monopiles, as well as future-proofing them against the impacts of climate change. A series of large-scale experiments have been performed in the context of the European HYDRALAB-PLUS PROTEUS (Protection of offshore wind turbine monopiles against scouring) project in the Fast Flow Facility in HR Wallingford. These experiments make use of state of the art optical and acoustic measurement techniques to assess the damage of scour protections under the combined action of waves and currents. These novel PROTEUS tests focus on the study of the grading of the scour protection material as a stabilizing parameter, which has never been done under the combined action of waves and currents at a large scale. Scale effects are reduced and, thus, design risks are minimized. Moreover, the generated data will support the development of future scour protection designs and the validation of numerical models used by researchers worldwide. The testing program objectives are: (i) to compare the performance of single-layer wide-graded material used against scouring with current design practices; (ii) to verify the stability of the scour protection designs under extreme flow conditions; (iii) to provide a benchmark dataset for scour protection stability at large scale; and (iv) to investigate the scale effects on scour protection stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"1709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Large-Scale Experiments to Improve Monopile Scour Protection Design Adapted to Climate Change\u2014The PROTEUS Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5316-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Emilio","family":"Arboleda Chavez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4898-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Stratigaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2357-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Troch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Schendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Franzius-Institute for Hydraulic Estuarine and Coastal Engineering, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Welzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Franzius-Institute for Hydraulic Estuarine and Coastal Engineering, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Franzius-Institute for Hydraulic Estuarine and Coastal Engineering, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten","family":"Schlurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Franzius-Institute for Hydraulic Estuarine and Coastal Engineering, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnics Division, Department of Mobility and Public Works, Flemish Government, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5933-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dogan","family":"Kisacik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, Izmir 35340, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Taveira Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Engineering, Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment Division, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8549-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Fazeres-Ferradosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Engineering, Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment Division, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rosa Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Engineering, Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment Division, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Baelus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Marine &amp; Dredging Consultant N.V., 2018 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Szengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Marine &amp; Dredging Consultant N.V., 2018 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Bolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Marine &amp; Dredging Consultant N.V., 2018 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4270-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Whitehouse, R.J.S. 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