{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:14:30Z","timestamp":1768684470579,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese National funds through FITEC programa Interface, with reference CIT &quot;INOV - INESC Inova\u00e7\u00e3o - Financiamento Base&quot;.","award":["CIT \"INOV - INESC Inova\u00e7\u00e3o"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIT \"INOV - INESC Inova\u00e7\u00e3o"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research work, we apply the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm with a decentralized blockchain approach to handle the electric vehicle (EV) charging process in shared spaces, such as condominiums. A mobile app handles the user authentication mechanism to initiate the EV charging process, where a set of sensors are used for measuring energy consumption, and based on a microcontroller, establish data communication with the mobile app. A blockchain handles financial transitions, and this approach can be replicated to other EV charging scenarios, such as public charging systems in a city, where the mobile device provides an authentication mechanism. A user interface was developed to visualize transactions, gather users\u2019 preferences, and handle power charging limitations due to the usage of a shared infrastructure. The developed approach was tested in a shared space with three EVs using a charging infrastructure for a period of 3.5 months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12152987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T11:58:16Z","timestamp":1564747096000},"page":"2987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["IoT and Blockchain Paradigms for EV Charging System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1557-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose P.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DCTI, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), ISTAR-IUL, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCTI, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), ISTAR-IUL, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"INOV INESC Inova\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014Instituto de Novas Tecnologias, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6640-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao L.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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