{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:32:49Z","timestamp":1772044369728,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work evaluates the application of regenerative braking for energy recovery in diesel-electric freight trains to increase efficiency and to improve decarbonization. The energy from regenerative braking has to be stored onboard when the track is not electrified. Different technologies of energy recovery are presented and discussed. The energy balance of an existing route is presented and simulated for different battery sizes. The analysis is illustrated with experimental data from an important Brazilian railway. Results show that the energy recovery from regenerative brake is a feasible investment and may be recommended to increase the efficiency in transportation and also to improve the low carbon mobility in railway systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13040963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Regenerative Braking for Energy Recovering in Diesel-Electric Freight Trains: A Technical and Economic Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Sergio","family":"Mayrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRS Log\u00edstica, Juiz de Fora 36015-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4377-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana\u00edna G.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Energy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36015-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Division for Electricity, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno H.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Energy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36015-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Leonardo W.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Energy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36015-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5361-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan S.","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Electricity, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Gustavo S.","family":"Rosseti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Santos Dumont 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2507365","article-title":"A novel dual speed-curve optimization based approach for energy-saving operation of high-speed trains","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.06.039","article-title":"Sustainable urban rail systems: Strategies and technologies for optimal management of regenerative braking energy","volume":"75","author":"Palacin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2017.06.022","article-title":"Analysis of the demand charge in DC railway systems and reduction of its economic impact with Energy Storage Systems","volume":"93","author":"Cucala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2598425","article-title":"Research on the cooperative train control strategy to reduce energy consumption","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2016.2584938","article-title":"Energy is on board: Energy storage and other alternatives in modern light railways","volume":"4","author":"Arboleya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.05.002","article-title":"An energy-efficient scheduling approach to improve the utilization of regenerative energy for metro systems","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2018.01.017","article-title":"Energy storage systems to exploit regenerative braking in DC railway systems: Different approaches to improve efficiency of modern high-speed trains","volume":"16","author":"Ceraolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2319233","article-title":"Increasing the regenerative braking energy for railway vehicles","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"496","article-title":"Energy savings in metropolitan railway substations through regenerative energy recovery and optimal design of ATO speed profiles","volume":"9","author":"Cucala","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, Y., Figueroa, H.P., and Dougal, R.A. (2017, January 27\u201329). Comparison of energy storage configurations in railway microgrids. Proceedings of the IEEE Second International Conference DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Nuremburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCM.2017.8001034"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-est.2013.0031","article-title":"Recent developments and applications of energy storage devices in electrified railways","volume":"4","author":"Ratniyomchai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Electr. Syst. Transp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/tee.20529","article-title":"Fixed energy storage technology applied for DC electrified railway","volume":"5","author":"Konishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEE J. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2340911","article-title":"Optimal sizing of energy storage for regenerative braking in electric railway systems","volume":"30","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6646","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2772174","article-title":"Hierarchical control and full-range dynamic performance optimization of supercapacitor energy storage system in urban railway","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Indust. Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.08.089","article-title":"Multiaspect measurement analysis of braking energy recovery","volume":"127","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2574200","article-title":"Optimal operation of electric railways with renewable energy and electric storage systems","volume":"9","author":"Aguado","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Chen, M., Lu, S., Chen, Y., and Li, Q. (2018). Optimized Sizing and Scheduling of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for High-Speed Railway Traction Substations. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092199"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiner, M., and Scholten, J. (2005, January 11\u201314). Energy storage on board of railway vehicles. Proceedings of the European Conference Power Electronics Applications, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2005.219410"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2006.02.025","article-title":"Energy management in fuel cell power trains","volume":"47","author":"Corbo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Painter, T.D., and Barkan, C.P.L. (2006, January 4\u20136). Prospects for dynamic brake energy recovery on North American freight locomotives. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE\/ASME Joint Rail Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RRCON.2006.215308"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.10.053","article-title":"An assessment of available measures to reduce traction energy use in railway networks","volume":"106","author":"Douglas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2447507","article-title":"A survey on energy-efficient train operation for urban rail transit","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2886809","article-title":"Recuperation of regenerative braking energy in electric rail transit systems","volume":"20","author":"Khodaparastan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.12.004","article-title":"System energy optimisation strategies for metros with regeneration","volume":"75","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.11.035","article-title":"Optimal energy management of urban rail systems: Key performance indicators","volume":"90","author":"Palacin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.10.011","article-title":"Energetic optimization of regenerative braking for high speed railway systems","volume":"129","author":"Frilli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2012.02.001","article-title":"Control of metro-trains equipped with onboard supercapacitors for energy saving and reduction of power peak demand","volume":"24","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2011). Electrical Energy Storage, International Electrotechnical Commission."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2016.12.014","article-title":"Hydrogen\u2014A sustainable energy carrier","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Chin, C., Woo, W., and Jia, J. (2017). Integrated equivalent circuit and thermal model for simulation of temperature-dependent LiFePO4 battery in actual embedded application. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10010085"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Irena, A.D. (2017). Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030, International Renewable Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killer, A., Armstorfer, A., Diez, A.E., and Biechl, H. (2012, January 30). Ultracapacitor assisted regenerative braking in metropolitan railway systems. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Colombian Intelligent Transportation Systems Symposium (CITSS), Bogota, Colombia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CITSS.2012.6336687"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, F., Li, X., Zhao, Y., and Yang, Z. (2016). Control strategies with dynamic threshold adjustment for supercapacitor energy storage system considering the train and substation characteristics in urban rail transit. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9040257"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2361865","article-title":"Analysis of Trackside Flywheel Energy Storage in Light Rail Systems","volume":"64","author":"Gee","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.02.082","article-title":"Application of flywheel energy storage for heavy haul locomotives","volume":"157","author":"Spiryagin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Garre, A., and Gabald\u00f3n, A. (2019). Analysis, evaluation and simulation of railway diesel-electric and hybrid units as distributed energy resources. App. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9173605"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Reddy, T.B. (2011). Linden\u2019s Handbook of Batteries, McGraw Hill. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"62","article-title":"Using operational data to estimate the running resistance of trains. Estimation of the resistance in a set of Norwegian tunnels","volume":"7","author":"Halvor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rail Transp. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"685","article-title":"The tractive resistance of electric locomotives and cars","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"1926","journal-title":"Gen. Electr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F., and Mohanty, P. (2012). Principles of Corporate Finance, Tata McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.06.001","article-title":"Analysis of the economic viability of a photovoltaic generation project applied to the Brazilian housing program \u201cMinha Casa Minha Vida\u201d","volume":"108","author":"Vale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Blank, L., and Tarquin, A. (2005). Engineering Economy, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Toshiba (2019, November 01). Industrial Lithium-ion Battery SCiB\u2122 SIP Series. Available online: https:\/\/www.scib.jp\/en\/product\/sip\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mongird, K., Fotedar, V., Viswanathan, V., Koritarov, V., Balducci, P., Hadjerioua, B., and Alam, J. (2019). Energy Storage Technology and Cost Characterization Report, U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technologies Office by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.","DOI":"10.2172\/1884043"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2019, November 04). U.S. Dollar\/Brazilian Real. Available online: https:\/\/www.tradingview.com\/symbols\/USDBRL."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional do Petr\u00f3leo, G\u00e1s Natural e Biocombust\u00edveis (2019, November 01). S\u00edntese dos Pre\u00e7os Praticados\u2014MINAS GERAIS, Available online: http:\/\/preco.anp.gov.br\/include\/Resumo_Por_Estado_Municipio.asp."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Banco Central do Brasil (2019, November 04). Taxa de juros, Available online: https:\/\/www.bcb.gov.br\/estatisticas\/txjuros."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/4\/963\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1760173177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/4\/963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["en13040963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13040963","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]}}}