{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T20:24:57Z","timestamp":1771619097285,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF10CC1016517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10CC1016517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assessed the feasibility of using bleached cellulose pulp from Eucalyptus wood as a feedstock for the production of itaconic acid by fermentation. Additionally, different process strategies were tested with the aim of selecting suitable conditions for an efficient production of itaconic acid by the fungus Aspergillus terreus. The feasibility of using cellulose pulp was demonstrated through assays that revealed the preference of the strain in using glucose as carbon source instead of xylose, mannose, sucrose or glycerol. Additionally, the cellulose pulp was easily digested by enzymes without requiring a previous step of pretreatment, producing a glucose-rich hydrolysate with a very low level of inhibitor compounds, suitable for use as a fermentation medium. Fermentation assays revealed that the technique used for sterilization of the hydrolysate (membrane filtration or autoclaving) had an important effect in its composition, especially on the nitrogen content, consequently affecting the fermentation performance. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio), initial glucose concentration and oxygen availability, were also important variables affecting the performance of the strain to produce itaconic acid from cellulose pulp hydrolysate. By selecting appropriate process conditions (sterilization by membrane filtration, medium supplementation with 3 g\/L (NH4)2SO4, 60 g\/L of initial glucose concentration, and oxygen availability of 7.33 (volume of air\/volume of medium)), the production of itaconic acid was maximized resulting in a yield of 0.62 g\/g glucose consumed, and productivity of 0.52 g\/L\u00b7h.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13071654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T11:57:14Z","timestamp":1585828634000},"page":"1654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Production of Itaconic Acid from Cellulose Pulp: Feedstock Feasibility and Process Strategies for an Efficient Microbial Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3462-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham A. J.","family":"Kerssemakers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9543-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Dom\u00e9nech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7980-3217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2394-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celina K.","family":"Yamakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5555-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Dragone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solange I.","family":"Mussatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.122847","article-title":"Innovation and strategic orientations for the development of advanced biorefineries","volume":"302","author":"Dragone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"De Jong, E., Stichnothe, H., Bell, G., and J\u00f8rgensen, H. (2020, February 26). Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/42073867\/Bio-Based_Chemicals_A_2020_Update."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mussatto, S.I., and Dragone, G.M. (2016). Biomass pretreatment, biorefineries, and potential products for a bioeconomy development. Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802323-5.00001-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teleky, B.-E., and Vodnar, D.C. (2019). Biomass-derived production of itaconic acid as a building block in specialty polymers. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11061035"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Analysts Global Industry Inc. (2020, February 26). Itaconic Acid (IA)\u2014A Global Strategic Business Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.strategyr.com\/pressMCP-6465.asp."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Transparency Market Research (2020, February 26). Rising Demand in Manufacturing of Superabsorbent Polymers to Inundate Itaconic Acid Market. Available online: https:\/\/www.transparencymarketresearch.com\/pressrelease\/itaconic-acid-market.htm."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Matthis, S. (2020, February 26). Pulp Price Erosion Persist in October. Available online: https:\/\/www.pulpapernews.com\/20191028\/10851\/pulp-price-erosion-persists-october."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Suzano (2020, February 26). NDR Boston and Ita\u00fa BBA 14th Annual LatAm CEO Conference. Available online: http:\/\/ri.suzano.com.br\/ptb\/7597\/Apresentao NDR_Conferncia_USA_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-018-1273-y","article-title":"From beech wood to itaconic acid: Case study on biorefinery process integration","volume":"11","author":"Regestein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9047","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.11.4.9047-9058","article-title":"Improved itaconic acid production from undetoxified enzymatic hydrolysate of steam-exploded corn stover using an Aspergillus terreus mutant generated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2017.08.010","article-title":"Itaconic acid production from wheat chaff by Aspergillus terreus","volume":"63","author":"Krull","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-016-0210-1","article-title":"Building block itaconic acid from left-over biomass","volume":"7","author":"Pedroso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1603.03073","article-title":"Itaconic and fumaric acid production from biomass hydrolysates by Aspergillus strains","volume":"26","author":"Pollet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., and Templeton, D. (2008). Determination of Ash in Biomass."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., and Crocker, D. (2012). Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sluiter, A., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., and Templeton, D. (2008). Determination of Extractives in Biomass."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Adney, B., and Baker, J. (2008). Measurement of Cellulase Activities."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-014-1575-4","article-title":"Direct fungal fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass into itaconic, fumaric, and malic acids: Current and future prospects","volume":"42","author":"Mondala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2115\/fiberst.2017-0036","article-title":"Effective saccharification and fermentation of kraft pulp to produce bioethanol","volume":"73","author":"Aierkentai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fiber Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.10.028","article-title":"Hydrogen, ethanol and cellulase production from pulp and paper primary sludge by fermentation with Clostridium thermocellum","volume":"72","author":"Moreau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2003.10.005","article-title":"Alternatives for detoxification of diluted-acid lignocellulosic hydrolyzates for use in fermentative processes: A review","volume":"93","author":"Mussatto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-018-2831-2","article-title":"Factors affecting production of itaconic acid from mixed sugars by Aspergillus terreus","volume":"187","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119308","article-title":"Lipid and carotenoid production from wheat straw hydrolysates by different oleaginous yeasts","volume":"249","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(03)00130-3","article-title":"Production of lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus: Effects of the C:N ratio and the principal nutrients on growth and metabolite production","volume":"33","author":"Chisti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(02)00075-5","article-title":"Enhanced production of itaconic acid from corn starch and market refuse fruits by genetically manipulated Aspergillus terreus SKR10","volume":"85","author":"Reddy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8895-7","article-title":"Biotechnological production of itaconic acid\u2014Things you have to know","volume":"102","author":"Kuenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.03.001","article-title":"Advances in shaking technologies","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-009-8867-6","article-title":"The influence of initial xylose concentration, agitation, and aeration on ethanol production by Pichia stipitis from rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate","volume":"162","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164475","article-title":"Oxygen requirement and energy relations of itaconic acid fermentation by Aspergillus terreus NRRL 1960","volume":"44","author":"Gyamerah","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4684-x","article-title":"Reduced by-product formation and modified oxygen availability improve itaconic acid production in Aspergillus niger","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201300043","article-title":"Influence of carbon and nitrogen concentration on itaconic acid production by the smut fungus Ustilago maydis","volume":"14","author":"Maassen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/7\/1654\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:14:47Z","timestamp":1760174087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/7\/1654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["en13071654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13071654","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]}}}