{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:32:36Z","timestamp":1778542356655,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/02814\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02814\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00760\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00760\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/29070\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/29070\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient alternatives in energy production and consumption are constantly being investigated and conducted by increasingly strict policies. Buildings have a significant influence on electricity consumption, and their management may contribute to the sustainability of the electricity sector. Additionally, with growing incentives in the distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicle (EV) industries, it is believed that smart buildings (SBs) can play a key role in sustainability goals. In this work, an energy management system is developed to reduce the power demands of a residential building, considering the flexibility of the contracted power of each apartment. In order to balance the demand and supply, the electrical power provided by the external grid is supplemented by microgrids such as battery energy storage systems (BESS), EVs, and photovoltaic (PV) generation panels. Here, a mixed binary linear programming formulation (MBLP) is proposed to optimize the scheduling of the EVs charge and discharge processes and also those of BESS, in which the binary decision variables represent the charging and discharging of EVs\/BESS in each period. In order to show the efficiency of the model, a case study involving three scenarios and an economic analysis are considered. The results point to a 65% reduction in peak load consumption supplied by an external power grid and a 28.4% reduction in electricity consumption costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13071719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1586231919000},"page":"1719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Mixed Binary Linear Programming Model for Optimal Energy Management of Smart Buildings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3901-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Foroozandeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8638-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Lezama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4560-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zita","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"L. Joench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Florianop\u00f3lis 88020-300, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joench, R.L., Soares, J., Lezama, F., Ramos, S., Gomes, A., and Vale, Z. (2019, January 19\u201323). A Short Review on Smart Building Energy Resource Optimization. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/GTDAsia.2019.8715982"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, V. (2020, February 12). Eco-Economy Indicators\u2014World Sales of Solar Cells Jump 32 Percent|EPI. Available online: http:\/\/www.earth-policy.org\/indicators\/index\/solar_power_2004."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, February 12). 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