{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T19:21:20Z","timestamp":1772047280008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing need for increased flexibility in modern power systems. Traditionally, this flexibility has been provided by supply-side technologies. There has been an increase in the research surrounding flexibility services provided by demand-side actors and technologies, especially flexibility services provided by prosumers (those customers who both produce and consume electricity). This work gathers 1183 peer-reviewed journal articles concerning the topic and uses them to identify the current state of the art. This body of literature was analysed with two leading textual and scientometric analysis tools, SAS\u00a9 Visual Text Analytics and VOSviewer, in order to provide a detailed understanding of the current state-of-the-art research on prosumer flexibility. Trends, key ideas, opportunities and challenges were identified and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T12:36:58Z","timestamp":1590669418000},"page":"2710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Prosumer Flexibility: A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review and Scientometric Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Gough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3277-2833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"F. Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1484-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC ID, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"P. S. Catal\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.09.005","article-title":"Flexibility products and markets: Literature review","volume":"154","author":"Villar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.198","article-title":"Multi-temporal assessment of power system flexibility requirement","volume":"238","author":"Heggarty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.08.028","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of flexibility options for supporting the low-carbon energy future","volume":"97","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2011.2177280","article-title":"Evaluation of Power System Flexibility","volume":"27","author":"Lannoye","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grijalva, S., and Tariq, M.U. (2011, January 17\u201319). Prosumer-based smart grid architecture enables a flat, sustainable electricity industry. Proceedings of the ISGT 2011, Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2011.5759167"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2649558","article-title":"Energy-Sharing Model with Price-Based Demand Response for Microgrids of Peer-to-Peer Prosumers","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.06.018","article-title":"Modeling study on flexible load\u2019s demand response potentials for providing ancillary services at the substation level","volume":"140","author":"Tulabing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.09.045","article-title":"Large-scale grid integration of residential thermal energy storages as demand-side flexibility resource: A review of international field studies","volume":"101","author":"Kohlhepp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2015.07.001","article-title":"Quantifying distribution-system operators\u2019 economic incentives to promote residential demand response","volume":"35","author":"Koliou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.07.012","article-title":"Energy Demand Side Management within micro-grid networks enhanced by blockchain","volume":"228","author":"Noor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"14","article-title":"A novel behavioral real time pricing scheme for the active energy consumers\u2019 participation in emerging flexibility markets. Sustain","volume":"16","author":"Steriotis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.12.044","article-title":"The flexible prosumer: Measuring the willingness to co-create distributed flexibility","volume":"114","author":"Kubli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2018.2861325","article-title":"Decision support for small players negotiations under a transactive energy framework","volume":"34","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission) (2019). Clean Energy for All Europeans, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2016.12.008","article-title":"Demand side flexibility coordination in office buildings: A framework and case study application","volume":"29","author":"Aduda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.10.412","article-title":"Modeling Consumer Flexibility of an Aggregator Participating in the Wholesale Power Market and the Regulation Capacity Market","volume":"58","author":"Roos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2728803","article-title":"A Stochastic Home Energy Management System Considering Satisfaction Cost and Response Fatigue","volume":"14","author":"Siano","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.11.018","article-title":"On demand: Can demand response live up to expectations in managing electricity systems?","volume":"51","author":"Parrish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.03.047","article-title":"Smart home energy management systems: Concept, configurations, and scheduling strategies","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.158","article-title":"Using behavioural economic theory in modelling of demand response","volume":"239","author":"Good","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2017.10.006","article-title":"Sufficiency, change, and flexibility: Critically examining the energy consumption profiles of solar PV prosumers in Sweden","volume":"39","author":"Palm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.179","article-title":"Energy management systems aggregators: A literature survey","volume":"73","author":"Carreiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2017.07.002","article-title":"A real-time commercial aggregator for distributed energy resources flexibility management","volume":"15","author":"Lipari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadeh, M., Scaglione, A., Goldsmith, A., and Kesidis, G. (2014, January 15\u201317). Capturing aggregate flexibility in demand response. Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2014.7040399"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnetis, A., Dellino, G., de Pascale, G., Innocenti, G., Pranzo, M., and Vicino, A. (2011, January 17). Optimization models for consumer flexibility aggregation in smart grids: The ADDRESS approach. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE First International Workshop on Smart Grid Modeling and Simulation (SGMS), Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/SGMS.2011.6089206"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.068","article-title":"Overview of energy storage systems in distribution networks: Placement, sizing, operation, and power quality","volume":"91","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2019.05.016","article-title":"Impact of inverter-based DERs integration on protection, control, operation, and planning of electrical distribution grids","volume":"32","author":"Yazdaninejadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2019). SAS Visual Text Analytics 8.5: User\u2019s Guide, SAS Institute Inc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","article-title":"Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping","volume":"84","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.104","article-title":"A review of demand side flexibility potential in Northern Europe","volume":"91","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.07.021","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in energy demand reduction for Canadian residential sector: A review","volume":"82","author":"Karunathilake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114387","article-title":"Local flexibility markets: Literature review on concepts, models and clearing methods","volume":"261","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2008.07.003","article-title":"Uncertainties in the design and operation of distributed energy resources: The case of micro-CHP systems","volume":"33","author":"Houwing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.032","article-title":"A survey on the development status and challenges of smart grids in main driver countries","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.01.011","article-title":"A review of the development of Smart Grid technologies","volume":"59","author":"Tuballa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.08.092","article-title":"A survey on smart grid technologies and applications","volume":"146","author":"Dileep","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Nabuurs, P. (2020, February 14). EUROPA\u2014SmartGrids Strategic Deployment Document Finalised | SETIS\u2014European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/setis.ec.europa.eu\/newsroom\/news\/smartgrids-strategic-deployment-document-finalised."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, A.N.M.M., Vo, T.H., and Nguyen, P.H. (2016, January 14\u201316). Distributed intelligence: Unleashing flexibilities for congestion management in smart distribution networks (Invited paper). Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET), Hanoi, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSET.2016.7811819"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.057","article-title":"Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity","volume":"45","author":"Lund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.08.030","article-title":"Demand side management in developing nations: A mitigating tool for energy imbalance and peak load management","volume":"114","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, D.M., and Myrzik, J. (2015, January 1\u20134). Probabilistic determination of the operational flexibility of active distribution networks with high penetration of full-converter interfaced renewable distributed generation units. Proceedings of the 2015 50th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Stoke on Trent, UK."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.02.009","article-title":"Smart grid opportunities and applications in Turkey","volume":"33","author":"Colak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.01.187","article-title":"Multi market bidding strategies for demand side flexibility aggregators in electricity markets","volume":"149","author":"Ottesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2015.08.013","article-title":"Flexible and inflexible energy engagements\u2014A study of the Danish Smart Grid Strategy","volume":"9","author":"Schick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4285","article-title":"An updated review of energy storage systems: Classification and applications in distributed generation power systems incorporating renewable energy resources","volume":"43","author":"Krishan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.05.150","article-title":"Review and prospect of integrated demand response in the multi-energy system","volume":"202","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.12.128","article-title":"Smart Meter Data Analytics for Optimal Customer Selection in Demand Response Programs","volume":"107","author":"Eveleigh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.002","article-title":"Smart metering trends, implications and necessities: A policy review","volume":"55","author":"Leiva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24498","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2831917","article-title":"Review on Home Energy Management System Considering Demand Responses, Smart Technologies, and Intelligent Controllers","volume":"6","author":"Shareef","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2015.2414880","article-title":"Residential Demand Response: Dynamic Energy Management and Time-Varying Electricity Pricing","volume":"31","author":"Muratori","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javadi, M.S., Lotfi, M., Gough, M., EsmaeelNezhad, A., and Catalao, J.P.S. (2019, January 11\u201314). Optimal Spinning Reserve Allocation in Presence of Electrical Energy Storage Devices and Renewable Energy Sources. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, Genova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2019.8783696"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.10.005","article-title":"Influencing factors on risk perception of IoT-based home energy management services","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2017.015014","article-title":"A smart home energy management system using IoT and big data analytics approach","volume":"63","author":"Zualkernan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.01.981","article-title":"Model Predictive Control for Smart Buildings to Provide the Demand Side Flexibility in the Multi-Carrier Energy Context: Current Status, Pros and Cons, Feasibility and Barriers","volume":"158","author":"Zong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.005","article-title":"Smart distribution system management considering electrical and thermal demand response of energy hubs","volume":"169","author":"Davatgaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.12.054","article-title":"Optimisation of demand response in electric power systems, a review","volume":"103","author":"Jordehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (2020, February 17). Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering Staff Report, Available online: http:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/legal\/staff-reports."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2016.04.001","article-title":"Time-based pricing and electricity demand response: Existing barriers and next steps","volume":"40","author":"Eid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.08.145","article-title":"Demand flexibility versus physical network expansions in distribution grids","volume":"182","author":"Spiliotis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.04.008","article-title":"A critical review on the utilization of storage and demand response for the implementation of renewable energy microgrids","volume":"40","author":"Robert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotfi, M., Monteiro, C., Shafie-khah, M., and Catal\u00e3o, J.P.S. (2018, January 18\u201320). Evolution of demand response: A historical analysis of legislation and research trends. Proceedings of the 2018 Twentieth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEPCON.2018.8635264"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2020.106030","article-title":"Stochastic planning and operation of energy hubs considering demand response programs using Benders decomposition approach","volume":"120","author":"Mansouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.05.146","article-title":"Active demand response with electric heating systems: Impact of market penetration","volume":"177","author":"Arteconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., and Rajagopal, R. (2017, January 14\u201316). Demand and flexibility of residential appliances: An empirical analysis. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobalSIP.2017.8309115"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113795","article-title":"An agent-based model to simulate technology adoption quantifying behavioural uncertainty of consumers","volume":"255","author":"Stavrakas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2016.06.012","article-title":"How to approach consumers\u2019 nonmonetary evaluation of electricity supply security? The case of Germany from a multidisciplinary perspective","volume":"42","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101570","article-title":"An efficient and scalable privacy preserving algorithm for big data and data streams","volume":"87","author":"Chamikara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2010.05.005","article-title":"Privacy and consumer risks in cloud computing","volume":"26","author":"Svantesson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2012.09.013","article-title":"The, U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Microgrid Initiative","volume":"25","author":"Ton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.040","article-title":"Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues","volume":"90","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2578184","article-title":"Energy Management for Joint Operation of CHP and PV Prosumers Inside a Grid-Connected Microgrid: A Game Theoretic Approach","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.05.025","article-title":"A literature review of Microgrids: A functional layer based classification","volume":"62","author":"Rivier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2018.10.010","article-title":"Microgrid modelling: A comprehensive survey","volume":"46","author":"Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbaro, M., and Castro, R. (2019). Design optimisation for a hybrid renewable microgrid: Application to the case of Faial island, Azores archipelago. Renew. Energy.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.11.034"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.08.197","article-title":"Optimal coordinated energy dispatch of a multi-energy microgrid in grid-connected and islanded modes","volume":"210","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Kim, D., and Yoon, Y.T. (2019). Short-Term Operation Scheduling of a Microgrid under Variability Contracts to Preserve Grid Flexibility. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12183587"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117024","article-title":"Flexible scheduling of reconfigurable microgrid-based distribution networks considering demand response program","volume":"196","author":"Ajoulabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114039","article-title":"Microgrids: Overview and guidelines for practical implementations and operation","volume":"258","author":"Cagnano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.03.109","article-title":"A community microgrid architecture with an internal local market","volume":"242","author":"Savelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540509354673","article-title":"Production, Consumption, Prosumption: The nature of capitalism in the age of the digital \u2018prosumer\u2019","volume":"10","author":"Ritzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Consum. Cult."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritzer, G., Dean, P., and Jurgenson, N. (2012). The Coming of Age of the Prosumer. Am. Behav. Sci.","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764211429368"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Kotler, P. (2020, April 20). The Prosumer Movement: A New Challenge for Marketers. Available online: https:\/\/\/www.acrwebsite.org\/volumes\/6542\/volumes\/v13\/NA-13."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.07.018","article-title":"Prosumer based energy management and sharing in smart grid","volume":"82","author":"Zafar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114327","article-title":"A distributed Peer-to-Peer energy transaction method for diversified prosumers in Urban Community Microgrid System","volume":"260","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.01.036","article-title":"Peer-to-peer and community-based markets: A comprehensive review","volume":"104","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.191","article-title":"Optimal bidding strategy for an aggregator of prosumers in energy and secondary reserve markets","volume":"238","author":"Iria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.03.056","article-title":"Harnessing social innovation for energy justice: A business model perspective","volume":"107","author":"Hiteva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2019.101219","article-title":"Prosumer communities as strategic allies for electric utilities: Exploring future decentralization trends in Switzerland","volume":"57","author":"Riveros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2522961","article-title":"Definitions of Demand Flexibility for Aggregate Residential Loads","volume":"7","author":"Sajjad","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, I.F.G., Gon\u00e7alves, I., Lopes, M.A.R., and Antunes, C.H. (2019, January 9\u201311). Residential demand-side flexibility in energy communities: A combination of optimization and agent modeling approaches. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST.2019.8849152"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.01.007","article-title":"Bringing innovation to market: Business models for battery storage","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parag, Y., and Sovacool, B.K. (2016). Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nat. Energy, 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.32"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.055","article-title":"Operation and control strategies of integrated distributed energy resources: A review","volume":"51","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.01.023","article-title":"Study of energy storage systems and environmental challenges of batteries","volume":"104","author":"Tharumalingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.11.080","article-title":"Energy management and optimal storage sizing for a shared community: A multi-stage stochastic programming approach","volume":"236","author":"Hafiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.12.008","article-title":"Projecting the Future Levelized Cost of Electricity Storage Technologies","volume":"3","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2018.10.012","article-title":"Optimal combination of energy storages for prospective power supply systems based on Renewable Energy Sources","volume":"20","author":"Weitemeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.07.028","article-title":"Energy storage in the energy transition context: A technology review","volume":"65","author":"Gallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesse, H., Schimpe, M., Kucevic, D., and Jossen, A. (2017). Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid\u2014A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10122107"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2015.07.029","article-title":"Optimal operation of energy storage devices with RESs to improve efficiency of distribution grids; technical and economical assessment","volume":"74","author":"Farrokhifar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javadi, M.S., Firuzi, K., Rezanejad, M., Lotfi, M., Gough, M., and Catal\u00e3o, J.P.S. (2019, January 14\u201317). Optimal Sizing and Siting of Electrical Energy Storage Devices for Smart Grids Considering Time-of-Use Programs. Proceedings of the IECON 2019\u201445th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2019.8927263"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Good, N., Cese\u00f1a, E.A.M., Heltorp, C., and Mancarella, P. (2018). A transactive energy modelling and assessment framework for demand response business cases in smart distributed multi-energy systems. Energy.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.02.089"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.02.016","article-title":"Determinants of energy flexibility in residential hot water systems","volume":"188","author":"Balint","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.387","article-title":"A review study of the current research on energy hub for energy positive neighborhoods","volume":"122","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101689","article-title":"Mapping the energy flexibility potential of single buildings equipped with optimally-controlled heat pump, gas boilers and thermal storage","volume":"50","author":"Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2018.03.006","article-title":"Review of control strategies for improving the energy flexibility provided by heat pump systems in buildings","volume":"74","author":"Salom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Process Control"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.12.070","article-title":"Impact on energy requirements and emissions of heat pumps and micro-cogenerators participating in demand side management","volume":"71","author":"Cooper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.10.029","article-title":"Large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Germany by 2030: An analysis of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid concepts","volume":"65","author":"Loisel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109337","article-title":"Energy integration and interaction between buildings and vehicles: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"114","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/wene.56","article-title":"The role of electric vehicles in smart grids","volume":"2","author":"Galus","year":"2013","journal-title":"WIREs Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"147","article-title":"Optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller for Responsive Charging of Electric Vehicles","volume":"52","author":"Nag","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-Pap."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathima, A.H., and Palanisamy, K. (2014, January 19\u201320). Battery energy storage applications in wind integrated systems\u2014A review. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Smart Electric Grid (ISEG), Guntur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISEG.2014.7005604"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnellan, B.J., Vowles, D.J., and Soong, W.L. (2015, January 1\u20136). A review of energy storage and its application in power systems. Proceedings of the 2015 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Wollongong, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AUPEC.2015.7324839"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.118","article-title":"Electric vehicle charging strategy to support renewable energy sources in Europe 2050 low-carbon scenario","volume":"183","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.110956","article-title":"Addressing the soft cost challenge in U.S. small-scale solar PV system pricing","volume":"134","author":"Nemet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.08.015","article-title":"Evaluating the causes of cost reduction in photovoltaic modules","volume":"123","author":"Kavlak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.09.093","article-title":"Assessment framework for EV and PV synergies in emerging distribution systems","volume":"55","author":"Chaouachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2019.03.001","article-title":"Valuation of distributed energy resources in active distribution networks","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.10.048","article-title":"Review of real-time electricity markets for integrating Distributed Energy Resources and Demand Response","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2013.2278868","article-title":"The Impact of Smart Grid Prosumer Grouping on Forecasting Accuracy and Its Benefits for Local Electricity Market Trading","volume":"5","author":"Karnouskos","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucher, M.A., Delikaraoglou, S., Heussen, K., Pinson, P., and Andersson, G. (2015, January 1\u20136). On quantification of flexibility in power systems. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2015.7232514"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem, M., Sajjad, I.A., Martirano, L., and Manganelli, M. (2017, January 1\u20135). Flexibility assessment indicator for aggregate residential demand. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I CPS Europe), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2017.7977775"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.04.014","article-title":"A review of the value of aggregators in electricity systems","volume":"77","author":"Burger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.04.032","article-title":"Near real time load shifting control for residential electricity prosumers under designed and market indexed pricing models","volume":"128","author":"Liberati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Chicco, G., and Mazza, A. (2020, February 17). New Insights for Setting Up Contractual Options for Demand Side Flexibility. Available online: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.01831."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105562","article-title":"Quantitative flexibility assessment of a comprehensive set of demand response programs","volume":"116","author":"Golshan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"(2020, February 18). Malaysia\u2019s 1st Pilot Run of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Energy Trading\u2014SEDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.seda.gov.my\/2019\/10\/malaysias-1st-pilot-run-of-peer-to-peer-p2p-energy-trading\/."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"(2020, February 18). From Consumer to Prosumer. Enrolling Users into a Norwegian PV Pilot. Available online: https:\/\/www.eceee.org\/library\/conference_proceedings\/eceee_Summer_Studies\/2017\/9-consumption-and-behaviour\/from-consumer-to-prosumer-enrolling-users-into-a-norwegian-pv-pilot\/."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2020, February 18). ABB and Italian Utility in Blockchain Pact for Solar Prosumers. Available online: https:\/\/www.powerengineeringint.com\/digitalization\/abb-and-italian-utility-in-blockchain-pact-for-solar-prosumers\/."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"(2020, February 18). NEM Distributed Energy Resources DER Program. Available online: https:\/\/aemo.com.au\/Initiatives\/Majorprograms\/NEMDistributedEnergyResourcesDERprogram."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Rechtschaffen, C. (2020, February 19). Recent Changes to California\u2019s Self-Generation Incentive Program. Available online: https:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/recent-changes-to-californias-self-generation-incentive-program-explained."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2020.101017","article-title":"Flexibility markets: Q&A with project pioneers","volume":"63","author":"Schittekatte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.080","article-title":"Energetic communities for community energy: A review of key issues and trends shaping integrated community energy systems","volume":"56","author":"Koirala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2019.2933281","article-title":"Future Electricity Markets: Designing for Massive Amounts of Zero-Variable-Cost Renewable Resources","volume":"17","author":"Ela","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2018.02.001","article-title":"The future of the electric grid and its regulation: Some considerations","volume":"31","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.491","article-title":"Towards a Holistic Approach for Problems in the Energy and Mobility Domain","volume":"32","author":"Masuch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2019.05.009","article-title":"Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses?","volume":"83","author":"Hoarau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.016","article-title":"A method for technical assessment of power-to-heat use cases to couple local district heating and electrical distribution grids","volume":"182","author":"Leitner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdella, J., and Shuaib, K. (2018). Peer to Peer Distributed Energy Trading in Smart Grids: A Survey. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061560"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2019.02.021","article-title":"The promise of peer-to-peer trading? The potential impact of blockchain on the actor configuration in the Dutch electricity system","volume":"53","author":"Buth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/11\/2710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:33:34Z","timestamp":1760175214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/11\/2710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["en13112710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13112710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]}}}