{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T01:22:53Z","timestamp":1775179373254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAPA 344\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA 344\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A condition-based maintenance policy for offshore wind turbines is presented in consideration of the maintenance uncertainty and the weather effect. In this paper, the offshore wind turbine is divided into four main assemblies\u2014namely, the rotor, gearbox, generator, and pitch system. The support vector machine classification technique is implemented to analyze the failure information, which was collected from field data in China. According to the results of fault diagnosis and prediction, the assembly that reaches the corresponding maintenance threshold will be repaired. At the same time, a maintenance opportunity occurs for the rest of the components, and an optimized plan can be determined by arranging the maintenance combination and time. The calculated results indicate that the proposed condition-based maintenance policy is beneficial to reduce the maintenance expenditure of offshore wind turbines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13143518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T11:47:46Z","timestamp":1594208866000},"page":"3518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Condition-Based Maintenance for Offshore Wind Turbines Based on Support Vector Machine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jichuan","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"HEU-UL International Joint Laboratory of Naval Architecture and Offshore Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0035-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8570-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Guedes Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"HEU-UL International Joint Laboratory of Naval Architecture and Offshore Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Wind Energy Council (2020, May 25). Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2013. Available online: http:\/\/www.gwec.net\/publicaionts\/global-wind-report-2\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.107381","article-title":"Review of the current status, technology and future trends of offshore wind farms","volume":"209","author":"Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, June 03). Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine, Natural Science Foundation of China Project. (NSFC, Grant No.: G1917010), Available online: http:\/\/www.nsfc.gov.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.04.004","article-title":"A review of reliability-based methods for risk analysis and their application in the offshore wind industry","volume":"91","author":"Leimeister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.107393","article-title":"Economic feasibility of floating offshore wind farms in Portugal","volume":"207","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.08.097","article-title":"Fault Tree Analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines","volume":"133","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2018.11.004","article-title":"Impact of model uncertainties on the fatigue reliability of offshore wind turbines","volume":"64","author":"Horn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.03.003","article-title":"Condition monitoring of wind turbines: Techniques and methods","volume":"46","author":"Tobias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandit, R.K., and Infield, D. (2017). Using Gaussian process theory for wind turbine power curve analysis with emphasis on the confidence intervals. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy, 27\u201329 June 2017, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEP.2017.8004774"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modelling, simulation and optimization of maintenance cost aspects on multi-unit systems by stochastic Petri nets with predicates","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Simul: Trans. Soc. Modeling Simul. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"23","article-title":"Performance assessment of a wind turbine using SCADA based Gaussian Process model","volume":"9","author":"Pandit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Progn. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2418738","article-title":"Condition monitoring and damage location of wind turbine blades by frequency response transmissibility analysis","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ieee Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.05.006","article-title":"A condition-based maintenance policy for degrading systems with age- and state-dependent operating cost","volume":"263","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11804-019-00080-y","article-title":"Review of condition-based maintenance strategies for offshore wind energy","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0951-8320(02)00017-0","article-title":"Simulation Modelling of Repairable Multi-Component Deteriorating Systems for \u201cOn Condition\u201d Maintenance Optimization","volume":"76","author":"Barata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.02.048","article-title":"A systematic Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis for offshore wind turbine systems towards integrated condition based maintenance strategies","volume":"176","author":"Scheu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2015.05.001","article-title":"An opportunistic condition-based maintenance policy for offshore wind turbine blades subjected to degradation and environmental shocks","volume":"142","author":"Shafiee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2017.10.001","article-title":"The use of real option in condition-based maintenance scheduling for wind turbines with production and deterioration uncertainties","volume":"188","author":"Ghamlouch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2016.10.032","article-title":"Timely condition-based maintenance planning for multi-component systems","volume":"159","author":"Verbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"385","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of the operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines","volume":"299","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Risk Reliab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.04.051","article-title":"Integrated optimization of offshore wind farm layout design and turbine opportunistic condition-based maintenance","volume":"120","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40095-018-0287-3","article-title":"Comparative assessments of binned and support vector regression-based blade pitch curve of a wind turbine for the purpose of condition monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Pandit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Environmen. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.03.049","article-title":"An opportunistic condition-based maintenance strategy for offshore wind farm based on predictive analytics","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2018.02.016","article-title":"Condition based maintenance optimization for offshore wind turbine considering opportunities based on neural network approach","volume":"74","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Santos, L., and Diaz-Casas, V. (2016). Floating Offshore Wind Platforms, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27972-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C. (2015). Review of wind turbine accident and failure data. Renewable Energies Offshore, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18973"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1002\/we.1887","article-title":"Failure rate, repair time and unscheduled O&M cost analysis of offshore wind turbines","volume":"19","author":"Carroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300015565","article-title":"New support vector algorithms","volume":"12","author":"Smola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2016.04.005","article-title":"Floating offshore wind turbine reliability analysis based on system grading and dynamic FTA","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandit, R.K., Kolios, A., and Infield, D. (2020). Data-Driven weather forecasting models performance comparison for improving offshore wind turbine availability and maintenance. IET Renew. Power Gener.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2019.0941"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.02.014","article-title":"Short-term wind forecast of a data assimilation\/weather forecasting system with wind turbine anemometer measurement assimilation","volume":"107","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Scheu, M., Matha, D., and Muskulus, M. (2012). Validation of a Markov-Based Weather Model for Simulation of O&M for Offshore Wind Farms, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C., and Santos, T.A. (2015). Weather Window Analysis of a Site off Portugal, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Erich, H. (2006). Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Applications, Economics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.11.090","article-title":"Maintenance strategy selection for improving cost-effectiveness of offshore wind systems","volume":"157","author":"Tuyet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L., Rui, X., Li, S., and Hu, X. (2019). Maintenance Optimization of Offshore Wind Turbines Based on an Opportunistic Maintenance Strategy. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12142650"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.10.076","article-title":"Opportunistic maintenance strategy for wind turbines considering weather conditions and spare parts inventory management","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/14\/3518\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:00Z","timestamp":1760176140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/14\/3518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["en13143518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13143518","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}}}