{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T23:30:33Z","timestamp":1768692633821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]],"date-time":"2020-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The worldwide investment in renewable energy sources is leading to the formation of local energy communities in which users can trade electric energy locally. Regulations and the required enablers for effective transactions in this new context are currently being designed. Hence, the development of software tools to support local transactions is still at an early stage and faces the challenge of constant updates to the data models and business rules. The present paper proposes a novel approach for the development of software tools to solve auction-based local electricity markets, considering the special needs of local energy communities. The proposed approach considers constrained bids that can increase the effectiveness of distributed generation use. The proposed method takes advantage of semantic web technologies, in order to provide models with the required dynamism to overcome the issues related to the constant changes in data and business models. Using such techniques allows the system to be agnostic to the data model and business rules. The proposed solution includes the proposed constraints, application ontology, and semantic rule templates. The paper includes a case study based on real data that illustrates the advantages of using the proposed solution in a community with 27 consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13153990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"3990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Constrained Generation Bids in Local Electricity Markets: A Semantic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8839-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, Rua DR. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, Rua DR. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4560-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zita","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, Rua DR. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Corchado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+I: Calle Espejo s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, April 22). European Parliament EUR-Lex\u201432019L0944\u2014EN\u2014EUR-Lex. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2019\/944\/oj."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, April 23). European Commission EUR-Lex\u201452014DC0015\u2014EN\u2014EUR-Lex: A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period From 2020 to 2030. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A52014DC0015."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, T., Faia, R., Ghazvini, M.A.F., Soares, J., Corchado, J.M., and Vale, Z.M.A. (2018). Do decision support for small players negotiations under a transactive energy framework. IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2018.2861325"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, April 23). European Commission Strategic Energy Technology Plan. Available online: https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/064a025d-0703-11e8-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Commission (2020, April 23). A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/resource.html?uri=cellar:1bd46c90-bdd4-11e4-bbe1-01aa75ed71a1.0001.03\/DOC_1&format=PDF."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.11.059","article-title":"Distributed Energy and Microgrids (DEM)","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2016.02.004","article-title":"Large-scale integration of renewable energies and impact on storage demand in a European renewable power system of 2050\u2014Sensitivity study","volume":"6","author":"Bussar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2013.832439","article-title":"Smart Home Activities: A Literature Review","volume":"42","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electr. Power Compon. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2018.2833959","article-title":"Local Energy Markets: Paving the Path Toward Fully Transactive Energy Systems","volume":"34","author":"Lezama","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64169","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2985254","article-title":"Multi-Agent Microgrid Management System for Single-Board Computers: A Case Study on Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading","volume":"8","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.054","article-title":"Designing microgrid energy markets: A case study: The Brooklyn Microgrid","volume":"210","author":"Mengelkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"E Silva, D.P., Carletti, D., de Christo, T.M., Basoni, R.C., Queiroz, M.D., Barbosa, I.O., Orlando, M.T.D., and Fardin, J.F. (2020, April 23). Project of A Pilot-Microgrid connected to the Main Grid. Available online: http:\/\/www.proceedings.blucher.com.br\/article-details\/project-of-a-pilot-microgrid-connected-to-the-main-grid-27748."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9, R., Rodriguez, S., Santos, R., Guerra, F., Castro, P., Filipe, N.L., Mose, C., Gouveia, C., and Maciel, J. (2018, January 7\u20138). Smartgrids enabling Microgrids and islanding operation: SENSIBLE as a real Demonstration case study. Proceedings of the CIRED Workshop 2018, Ljubljana, Slovenia."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.11.002","article-title":"Evolution of Communication Technologies for Smart Grid applications","volume":"19","author":"Usman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.010","article-title":"Peer-to-Peer energy trading in a Microgrid","volume":"220","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.05.097","article-title":"Peer-to-peer energy sharing through a two-stage aggregated battery control in a community Microgrid","volume":"226","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.03.087","article-title":"Modular energy cost optimization for buildings with integrated microgrid","volume":"197","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.10.056","article-title":"Multi-agent systems applied for energy systems integration: State-of-the-art applications and trends in microgrids","volume":"187","author":"Coelho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2019.03.008","article-title":"Blockchain for decentralized transactive energy management system in networked microgrids","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.11.264","article-title":"A Bidding System for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in a Grid-connected Microgrid","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khorasany, M., Mishra, Y., and Ledwich, G. (2017, January 19\u201322). Auction based energy trading in transactive energy market with active participation of prosumers and consumers. Proceedings of the 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2017), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AUPEC.2017.8282470"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.10.054","article-title":"A real-time evaluation of energy management systems for smart hybrid home Microgrids","volume":"143","author":"Marzband","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2013.05.022","article-title":"An auction design for local reserve energy markets","volume":"56","author":"Rosen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.08.026","article-title":"Scalable multi-agent microgrid negotiations for a transactive energy market","volume":"229","author":"Janko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2014.02.013","article-title":"Multiagent study of smart grid customers with neighborhood electricity trading","volume":"111","author":"Kahrobaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horta, J., Altman, E., Caujolle, M., Kofman, D., and Menga, D. (2018, January 29\u201331). Real-time enforcement of local energy market transactions respecting distribution grid constraints. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm 2018), Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2018.8587495"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.05.024","article-title":"Reserve prices in a dynamic auction when bidders are capacity-constrained","volume":"108","author":"Saini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1006\/game.2001.0896","article-title":"Equilibrium of Affiliated Value Second Price Auctions with Financially Constrained Bidders: The Two-Bidder Case","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Games Econ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.01.038","article-title":"Procurement auctions with ex post cooperation between capacity constrained bidders","volume":"260","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Mengelkamp, E., Diesing, J., and Weinhardt, C. (2020, April 23). Tracing Local Energy Markets: A Literature Review. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/332222621_Tracing_Local_Energy_Markets_A_Literature_Review?channel=doi&linkId=5ca703efa6fdcca26dfeea27&showFulltext=true."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2018.5309","article-title":"Market Framework for Local Energy Trading: A Review of Potential Designs and Market Clearing Approaches","volume":"12","author":"Khorasany","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2019.100418","article-title":"Towards transactive energy systems: An analysis on current trends","volume":"26","author":"Abrishambaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Strateg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria, P., and Vale, Z. (2019). A Demand Response Approach to Scheduling Constrained Load Shifting. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091752"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C., Faria, P., and Vale, Z. (2019). Demand Response and Distributed Generation Remuneration Approach Considering Planning and Operation Stages. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12142721"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shebl\u00e9, G.B. (1999). Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5157-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6419.00083","article-title":"Auction Theory: A Guide to the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Klemperer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Econ. Surv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900007797","article-title":"Ontologies: Principles, methods and applications","volume":"11","author":"Uschold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Knowl. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(97)00056-6","article-title":"Knowledge Engineering: Principles and methods","volume":"25","author":"Studer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Hepp, M., De Leenheer, P., De Moor, A., and Sure, Y. (2008). Ontologies: State of the Art, Business Potential, and Grand Challenges. Ontology Management: Semantic Web, Semantic Web Services, and Business Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, April 29). OWL Working Group OWL\u2014Semantic Web Standards. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/OWL\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2020, April 29). W3C OWL Working Group OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview, Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-overview\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Manola, F., and Miller, E. (2020, April 29). RDF Primer. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2004\/REC-rdf-primer-20040210\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Cur\u00e9, O., and Blin, G. (2014). RDF Database Systems: Triples Storage and SPARQL Query Processing, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2020, April 30). W3C SPARQL Working Group SPARQL 1.1 Overview. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/sparql11-overview\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101832","article-title":"BRICKS: Building\u2019s reasoning for intelligent control knowledge-based system","volume":"52","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellifemine, F., Caire, G., and Greenwood, D. (2007). Developing Multi-Agent Systems with JADE, John Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470058411"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"688","article-title":"The Java\u00ae Language Specification. Java SE 8 Edition","volume":"1","author":"Gosling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addison-Wesley"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2020, May 01). The Apache Software Foundation Apache Jena\u2014Apache Jena Fuseki. Available online: https:\/\/jena.apache.org\/documentation\/fuseki2\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Noy, N.F., and McGuinness, D.L. (2020, April 23). Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology. Available online: https:\/\/protege.stanford.edu\/publications\/ontology_development\/ontology101.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajo, J., Escalona, J.M., Giroux, S., Hoffa-D\u0105browska, P., Juli\u00e1n, V., Novais, P., S\u00e1nchez-Pi, N., Unland, R., and Azambuja-Silveira, R. (2016). Electricity Markets Ontology to Support MASCEM\u2019s Simulations. Highlights of Practical Applications of Scalable Multi-Agent Systems, Proceedings of the PAAMS Collection: International Workshops of PAAMS 2016, Sevilla, Spain, 1\u20133 June 2016, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39387-2"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.05.127","article-title":"MASCEM: Optimizing the performance of a multi-agent system","volume":"111","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, G., Pinto, T., Pra\u00e7a, I., and Vale, Z. (2016). An Interoperable Approach for Energy Systems Simulation: Electricity Market Participation Ontologies. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9110878"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria, P., Barreto, R., and Vale, Z. (2019, January 9\u201311). Demand Response in Energy Communities Considering the Share of Photovoltaic Generation from Public Buildings. Proceedings of the SEST 2019\u20142nd International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST.2019.8849082"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/15\/3990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:48Z","timestamp":1760176428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/15\/3990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["en13153990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13153990","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]}}}